返回添加两个泛型的结果时类型不匹配

Question

I am learning Rust, have read the Rust homepage, and am trying out small example programs. Here is code that fails:

use std::ops::Add;

pub struct Complex<T> {
    pub re: T,
    pub im: T,
}

impl <T: Add> Add<Complex<T>> for Complex<T> {
    type Output = Complex<T>;
    fn add(self, other: Complex<T>) -> Complex<T> {
        Complex {re: self.re + other.re, im: self.im + other.im}
    }
}

Here is the error message:

src/lib.rs:11:3: 11:59 error: mismatched types:
 expected `Complex<T>`,
    found `Complex<<T as core::ops::Add>::Output>`
(expected type parameter,
    found associated type) [E0308]
src/lib.rs:11       Complex {re: self.re + other.re, im: self.im + other.im}
                    ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

I don't understand why it fails to compile.

Answer 1

The Add trait is defined as

pub trait Add<RHS = Self> {
    type Output;
    fn add(self, rhs: RHS) -> Self::Output;
}

That is, given a type for Self (the type the trait is implemented for), and a type for the right-hand-side ( RHS , the thing being added), there will be a unique type that is produced: Output .

Conceptually, this allows you to create a type A that can have a type B added to it, which will always produce a third type C .

In your example, you have constrained T to implement Add . By default, the RHS type is assumed to be the same as the type the trait is implemented for ( RHS = Self ). However, there are no restrictions placed on what the output type must be.

There are two potential solutions:

1. Say that you will return a Complex that has been parameterized by whatever the result type of adding T is:

    impl<T> Add<Complex<T>> for Complex<T> where T: Add, { type Output = Complex<T::Output>; fn add(self, other: Complex<T>) -> Complex<T::Output> { Complex { re: self.re + other.re, im: self.im + other.im, } } }

2. Restrict T to those types that when added to themselves return the same type:

    impl<T> Add<Complex<T>> for Complex<T> where T: Add<Output = T>, { type Output = Complex<T>; fn add(self, other: Complex<T>) -> Complex<T> { Complex { re: self.re + other.re, im: self.im + other.im, } } }

See also:

• How do I require a generic type implement an operation like Add, Sub, Mul, or Div in a generic function?
• How to write a trait bound for adding two references of a generic type?

Answer 2

Your implementation of add produces a Complex<<T as core::ops::Add>::Output> . <T as core::ops::Add>::Output (ie the Output of the implementation of Add<T> for T ) is not guaranteed to be the same as T . You can add a constraint on the Output associated type to restrict your implementation to be only available when they are in fact the same:

impl<T: Add<Output = T>> Add for Complex<T> {
    type Output = Complex<T>;

    fn add(self, other: Complex<T>) -> Complex<T> {
        Complex { re: self.re + other.re, im: self.im + other.im }
    }
}

Or, you could change your implementation to be as generic as possible by making it possible to add a Complex<T> and a Complex<U> , provided that it is possible to add a T and a U , and by returning a Complex<<T as Add<U>>::Output> .

impl<T: Add<U>, U> Add<Complex<U>> for Complex<T> {
    type Output = Complex<<T as Add<U>>::Output>;

    fn add(self, other: Complex<U>) -> Self::Output {
        Complex { re: self.re + other.re, im: self.im + other.im }
    }
}

Answer 3

You need to specify the output type of Add for T :

impl <T: Add<Output = T>> Add for Complex<T> {
    type Output = Complex<T>;
    fn add(self, other: Complex<T>) -> Complex<T> {
        Complex {re: self.re + other.re, im: self.im + other.im}
    }
}