Tensorflow始终预测相同的输出

Question

So, I'm trying to learn tensorflow and, for that, I try to create a classifier for something that, I think, is not so hard. I'd like to predict if a number is odd or even. The problem is that Tensorflow always predict the same output, I searched answers the last days but nothing helped me... I saw the following answers : - Tensorflow predicts always the same result

- TensorFlow always converging to same output for all items after training

- TensorFlow always return same result

Here's my code:

in:

df
    nb  y1
0   1   0
1   2   1
2   3   0
3   4   1
4   5   0
...
19  20  1

inputX = df.loc[:, ['nb']].as_matrix()
inputY = df.loc[:, ['y1']].as_matrix()
print(inputX.shape)
print(inputY.shape)

out:

(20, 1) (20, 1)

in:

# Parameters
learning_rate = 0.00000001
training_epochs = 2000
display_step = 50
n_samples = inputY.size


x = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, 1])   
W = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([1, 1]))           
b = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([1]))            
y_values = tf.add(tf.matmul(x, W), b)      
y = tf.nn.relu(y_values)                 
y_ = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None,1])  

# Cost function: Mean squared error
cost = tf.reduce_sum(tf.pow(y_ - y, 2))/(2*n_samples)
# Gradient descent
optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(learning_rate).minimize(cost)

# Initialize variabls and tensorflow session
init = tf.global_variables_initializer()
sess = tf.Session()
sess.run(init)

for i in range(training_epochs):  
    sess.run(optimizer, feed_dict={x: inputX, y_: inputY}) # Take a gradient descent step using our inputs and labels

    # Display logs per epoch step
    if (i) % display_step == 0:
        cc = sess.run(cost, feed_dict={x: inputX, y_:inputY})
        print("Training step:", '%04d' % (i), "cost=", "{:.9f}".format(cc)) #, \"W=", sess.run(W), "b=", sess.run(b)

print ("Optimization Finished!")
training_cost = sess.run(cost, feed_dict={x: inputX, y_: inputY})
print ("Training cost=", training_cost, "W=", sess.run(W), "b=", sess.run(b), '\n')

out:

Training step: 0000 cost= 0.250000000
Training step: 0050 cost= 0.250000000
Training step: 0100 cost= 0.250000000
...
Training step: 1800 cost= 0.250000000
Training step: 1850 cost= 0.250000000
Training step: 1900 cost= 0.250000000
Training step: 1950 cost= 0.250000000
Optimization Finished!
Training cost= 0.25 W= [[ 0.]] b= [ 0.]

in:

sess.run(y, feed_dict={x: inputX })

out:

array([[ 0.],
       [ 0.],
       [ 0.],
       [ 0.],
       [ 0.],
       [ 0.],
       [ 0.],
       [ 0.],
       [ 0.],
       [ 0.],
       [ 0.],
       [ 0.],
       [ 0.],
       [ 0.],
       [ 0.],
       [ 0.],
       [ 0.],
       [ 0.],
       [ 0.],
       [ 0.]], dtype=float32)

I tried to play with my Hyper parameters like, the learning rate or the number of training epochs. I changed the activation function from softmax to relu. I changed my dataframe to have more examples but nothing happened. I also tried to add random for my Weights, but nothing changed, the cost was just starting to a higher value.

Answer 1

From giving a quick look at the code, it looks ok to me (maybe a part initializing the weights to zero, usually you want a small number different from zero to avoid a trivial solution), while I don't think that you can fit the problem of the parity of integers with a linear regression.

The point is that you are trying to fit

x % 2

with predictions of the form

activation(x * w + b)

and there is no way to find good w and b to solve this problem.

Another way to understand this is to plot your data: the scatter plot of the parity of x are two lines of points, and the only way to fit them with a line is with a flat line (that will have a high cost anyway).

I think it would be better to change data to start with, but if you want to address this problem, you should obtain some result using a sine or a cosine as activation function.

Answer 2

The main problem that I see is that you initialize your weights in the W matrix with 0s. The operation that you have in the linear layer is basically Wx + b. Hence the gradient with respect to x is W. If you start now with zeros for W then the gradient is 0 as well and you are not able to learn anything. Try to use random initial values as stated on tensorflow.org

# Create two variables.
weights = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([784, 200], stddev=0.35),
                      name="weights")
biases = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([200]), name="biases")

Answer 3

first of all I have to admit that I never used tensorflow. But I think you have a modelling problem here.

You are using the simplest network architecture possible (a 1-dimensional perceptron ). You have two variables (w and b) which you want to learn and your decision rule for the output looks like

if you subtract the b and divide by w you get

So you are basically looking for a threshold to seperate odd and even numbers. No matter how you choose w and b you will always misclassify half of the numbers.

Although decinding if a number is odd or even seems to be a super trivial task for us humans it is not for a single perceptron.