NegativeLiterals在什么情况下会改变行为？

Question

While describing the NegativeLiterals School of Haskell shows an example of how using the language extension might change the performance of some code and then says

Other examples might actually change behavior rather than simply be less efficient

After fooling around with the extension a bit I was not able to find any of these instances of behavior changes. I was only able to find the performance changes they were talking about and a few programs that will error with and without the extension.

What are these programs that change their behavior when the NegativeLiterals extension is enabled?

Answer 1

The difference of negative literals is the difference of if we negate the integer then call fromInteger or call fromInteger then negate the type of the codomain. That is, fromInteger . negate fromInteger . negate is not the same as negate . fromInteger negate . fromInteger . I would expect this to happen when you are on the bounds of some type - one might saturate while another wraps.

For example I have a pretty trivially bad type:

data Bad = Bad Integer
    deriving (Show)

instance Num Bad where
    negate (Bad a) = Bad (a + 1)
    fromInteger = Bad

And the result:

*Main> (-1) :: Bad
Bad 2
*Main> :set -XNegativeLiterals
*Main> (-1) :: Bad
Bad (-1)
*Main>

Answer 2

NegativeLiterals also changes how some expressions are parsed. Unary - is interpreted as an operator with the same precedence as binary - (ie 6), but with NegativeLiterals a - that is directly (without whitespace) followed by a number will be part of the literal. Here is an example of how this can make a difference:

>>> :set -XNoNegativeLiterals
>>> -1 `mod` 2
-1
>>> :set -XNegativeLiterals
>>> -1 `mod` 2
1
>>> - 1 `mod` 2
-1

I have got this from this StackOverflow question.

Answer 3

Consider a fixed-size type, such as Int8 from Data.Int . This is a signed integer stored in 8 bits. Its possible values range from -128 to 127. So, with the default syntax, the literal -128 will try to store 128 in an Int8 and then negate it, which results in overflow. With NegativeLiterals , it will directly construct -128 as an Int8 , avoiding this possible error.

---

As it turns out, on ghci , the literal 128 procures a warning and then produces -128 as a result of the overflow, so as it happens -128 produces the correct value. However, I don't believe this behavior is standardized since Int8 is a signed type, so it's best not to rely on overflow behaving in this way.