Floras16比keras中的float32慢

Question

I'm testing out my new NVIDIA Titan V, which supports float16 operations. I noticed that during training, float16 is much slower (~800 ms/step) than float32 (~500 ms/step).

To do float16 operations, I changed my keras.json file to:

{
"backend": "tensorflow",
"floatx": "float16",
"image_data_format": "channels_last",
"epsilon": 1e-07
}

Why are the float16 operations so much slower? Do I need to make modifications to my code and not just the keras.json file?

I am using CUDA 9.0, cuDNN 7.0, tensorflow 1.7.0, and keras 2.1.5 on Windows 10. My python 3.5 code is below:

img_width, img_height = 336, 224

train_data_dir = 'C:\\my_dir\\train'
test_data_dir = 'C:\\my_dir\\test'
batch_size=128

datagen = ImageDataGenerator(rescale=1./255,
    horizontal_flip=True,   # randomly flip the images 
    vertical_flip=True) 

train_generator = datagen.flow_from_directory(
    train_data_dir,
    target_size=(img_height, img_width),
    batch_size=batch_size,
    class_mode='binary')

test_generator = datagen.flow_from_directory(
    test_data_dir,
    target_size=(img_height, img_width),
    batch_size=batch_size,
    class_mode='binary')

# Architecture of NN
model = Sequential()
model.add(Conv2D(32,(3, 3), input_shape=(img_height, img_width, 3),padding='same',kernel_initializer='lecun_normal'))
model.add(Activation('relu'))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2)))

model.add(Conv2D(32,(3, 3),padding='same'))
model.add(Activation('relu'))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2)))

model.add(Conv2D(64,(3, 3),padding='same'))
model.add(Activation('relu'))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2)))

model.add(Conv2D(64,(3, 3),padding='same'))
model.add(Activation('relu'))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2)))

model.add(AveragePooling2D(pool_size=(2,2)))
model.add(Flatten())
model.add(Dense(1))
model.add(Activation('sigmoid'))

my_rmsprop = keras.optimizers.RMSprop(lr=0.0001, rho=0.9, epsilon=1e-04, decay=0.0)
model.compile(loss='binary_crossentropy',
          optimizer=my_rmsprop,
          metrics=['accuracy'])

# Training 
nb_epoch = 32
nb_train_samples = 512
nb_test_samples = 512

model.fit_generator(
    train_generator,
    steps_per_epoch=nb_train_samples/batch_size,
    epochs=nb_epoch,
    verbose=1,
    validation_data=test_generator,
    validation_steps=nb_test_samples/batch_size)

# Evaluating on the testing set
model.evaluate_generator(test_generator, nb_test_samples)

Answer 1

From the documentation of cuDNN (section 2.7, subsection Type Conversion ) you can see:

Note: Accumulators are 32-bit integers which wrap on overflow.

and that this holds for the standard INT8 data type of the following: the data input, the filter input and the output.

Under those assumptions, @jiandercy is right that there's a float16 to float32 conversion and then back-conversion before returning the result, and float16 would be slower.

Answer 2

I updated to CUDA 10.0, cuDNN 7.4.1, tensorflow 1.13.1, keras 2.2.4, and python 3.7.3. Using the same code as in the OP, training time was marginally faster with float16 over float32.

I fully expect that a more complex network architecture would show a bigger difference in performance, but I didn't test this.