Haskell显式递归与`iterate`

Question

While writing a function using iterate in Haskell, I found that an equivalent version with explicit recursion seemed noticeably faster - even though I believed that explicit recursion ought to be frowned upon in Haskell.

Similarly, I expected GHC to be able to inline/optimise list combinators appropriately so that the resulting machine code is at least similarly performing to the explicit recursion.

Here's a (different) example, which also displays the slowdown I observed.

steps mn and its variant steps' compute the number of Collatz steps n takes to reach 1, giving up after m attempts.

steps uses explicit recursion while steps' uses list functions.

import Data.List (elemIndex)
import Control.Exception (evaluate)
import Control.DeepSeq (rnf)

collatz :: Int -> Int
collatz n
  | even n    = n `quot` 2
  | otherwise = 3 * n + 1

steps :: Int -> Int -> Maybe Int
steps m = go 0
  where go k n
          | n == 1    = Just k
          | k == m    = Nothing
          | otherwise = go (k+1) (collatz n)

steps' :: Int -> Int -> Maybe Int
steps' m = elemIndex 1 . take m . iterate collatz

main :: IO ()
main = evaluate $ rnf $ map (steps 800) $ [1..10^7]

I tested these by evaluating for all values up to 10^7 , each giving up after 800 steps. On my machine (compiled with ghc -O2 ), explicit recursion took just under 4 seconds ( 3.899s ) but list combinators took about 5 times longer ( 19.922s ).

Why is explicit recursion so much better in this case, and is there a way of writing this without explicit recursion while preserving performance?

Answer 1

Updated: I submitted Trac 15426 for this bug.

The problem disappears if you copy the definitions of elemIndex and findIndex into your module:

import Control.Exception (evaluate)
import Control.DeepSeq (rnf)

import Data.Maybe (listToMaybe)
import Data.List (findIndices)

elemIndex       :: Eq a => a -> [a] -> Maybe Int
elemIndex x     = findIndex (x==)

findIndex       :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> Maybe Int
findIndex p     = listToMaybe . findIndices p

collatz :: Int -> Int
collatz n
  | even n    = n `quot` 2
  | otherwise = 3 * n + 1

steps' :: Int -> Int -> Maybe Int
steps' m = elemIndex 1 . take m . iterate collatz

main :: IO ()
main = evaluate $ rnf $ map (steps' 800) $ [1..10^7]

The problem seems to be that these must be inlinable for GHC to get the fusion right. Unfortunately, neither of them is marked inlinable in Data.OldList .

The change to allow findIndex to participate in fusion is relatively recent (see Trac 14387 ) where listToMaybe was reimplemented as a foldr . So, it probably hasn't seen a lot of testing yet.