sympy的plot_parametric说TypeError：无法将复数转换为浮点数

Question

I want to plot a curve which is actually has a S shape：

1. draw a circle
2. move the down part of half circle a whole diameter distance

but the code says TypeError: can't convert complex to float . Where is the complex number? how to fix it? Thanks

import sympy as sp
from sympy.plotting import *

u = sp.Symbol('u', real=True)
R0 = 2
boundLower = 0
boundUpper = 2 * sp.pi

x_u = sp.Piecewise(
    (R0*sp.cos(u)+R0, sp.And(boundLower <= u, u <= boundUpper/2)),
    (R0*sp.cos(u)+3*R0, sp.And(boundUpper/2 < u, u <= boundUpper)),
)

y_u = sp.Piecewise(
    (R0*sp.sin(u), sp.And(boundLower <= u,  u <= boundUpper/2)),
    (R0*sp.sin(u), sp.And(boundUpper/2 < u, u <= boundUpper)),
)

plot_parametric(x_u, y_u, (u, boundLower, boundUpper))

Answer 1

SymPy's plot involves some error-prone manipulations meant to boost the performance of plots; they involve complex data type which sometimes leads to errors when inequalities are involved. Reducing the number of inequalities helps in this case:

x_u = sp.Piecewise(
    (R0*sp.cos(u)+R0, u <= boundUpper/2),
    (R0*sp.cos(u)+3*R0, u <= boundUpper),
)

y_u = sp.Piecewise(
    (R0*sp.sin(u), u <= boundUpper/2),
    (R0*sp.sin(u), u <= boundUpper),
)

plot_parametric(x_u, y_u, (u, boundLower, boundUpper))

The above is how Piecewise is usually presented in SymPy: conditions are evaluated in the order given, and the first one to be True results in the evaluation of the corresponding expression. ( u <= boundUpper could be replaced by True , by the way.) Result:

This is still not ideal. The horizontal line from 0 to 4 should not be there, of course - it's an artifact of plotting. Also, this code displays

UserWarning: The evaluation of the expression is problematic. We are trying a failback method that may still work. Please report this as a bug.

I suggest to avoid Piecewise in plotting. Instead combine a plot from pieces using extend as shown below.

x_u1 = R0*sp.cos(u)+R0
x_u2 = R0*sp.cos(u)+3*R0

y_u1 = R0*sp.sin(u)
y_u2 = R0*sp.sin(u)

p = plot_parametric(x_u1, y_u1, (u, boundLower, boundUpper/2), show=False)
p.extend(plot_parametric(x_u2, y_u2, (u, boundUpper/2, boundUpper), show=False))
p.show()

Output (no warnings and no artifacts).