Haskell：为什么'id'使这个函数不再是monadic？

Question

I am trying to understand why adding id in the last line of the sequence below removes the monadic aspect:

Prelude> :t id
id :: a -> a
Prelude> :t Control.Monad.liftM2
Control.Monad.liftM2
  :: Monad m => (a1 -> a2 -> r) -> m a1 -> m a2 -> m r
Prelude> :t  (==)
(==) :: Eq a => a -> a -> Bool
Prelude> :t Control.Monad.liftM2 (==)
Control.Monad.liftM2 (==)
  :: (Monad m, Eq a) => m a -> m a -> m Bool
Prelude> :t Control.Monad.liftM2 (==) id
Control.Monad.liftM2 (==) id :: Eq a => (a -> a) -> a -> Bool
Prelude>

How does adding id :: a -> a change the signature in the way it does in the last line ?

Answer 1

You're fixing the type to a particular Monad instance, namely the “function reader” monad ( instance Monad ((->) a) ).

id :: a -> a and you are attempting to use it as an argument to a parameter of type ma , so:

m a  ~  a -> a
m a  ~  (->) a a
m a  ~  ((->) a) a
m    ~  (->) a
a    ~  a

The remainder of the signature is:

m a -> m Bool

And since m ~ (->) a , the resulting type is:

(->) a a -> (->) a Bool
(a -> a) -> (a -> Bool)
(a -> a) -> a -> Bool

(Plus the Eq a constraint from the use of == .)

This is useful in pointfree code, particularly using the Applicative instance, since you can implicitly “spread” the argument of a function to subcomputations:

nextThree = (,,) <$> (+ 1) <*> (+ 2) <*> (+ 3)
-- or
nextThree = liftA3 (,,) (+ 1) (+ 2) (+ 3)

nextThree 5 == (6, 7, 8)

uncurry' f = f <$> fst <*> snd
-- or
uncurry' f = liftA2 f fst snd

uncurry' (+) (1, 2) == 3

Answer 2

The signature of liftM2 (==) is (Monad m, Eq a) => ma -> ma -> m Bool . So that means that if we call this function with id :: b -> b as argument, then it means that ma and b -> b are the same type.

The fact that m ~ (->) b holds is not a problem since (->) r is an instance of Monad , indeed in the GHC.Base source code we see:

 -- | @since 2.01 instance  where f >>= k = \\ r -> k (fr) r 

This only makes sense if m ~ (->) b . Here the arrow (->) is a type constructor, and (->) ab is the same as a -> b .

So it means that if we calculate the type of liftM2 (==) id , we derive the following:

liftM2 (==)    ::  m a     -> m a -> m Bool
            id :: (b -> b)
-------------------------------------------
m ~ (->) b, a ~ b

This thus means that the output type of liftM2 (==) id is liftM2 (==) id :: (Monad m, Eq a) => ma -> m Bool , but we need to "specialize" this with the knowledge we obtained: that ma is (->) b and a is the same type as b , so:

   liftM2 (==) id :: (Monad m, Eq a) => m a -> m Bool
-> liftM2 (==) id :: (Monad m, Eq a) => (b -> a) -> (b -> Bool)
-> liftM2 (==) id :: Eq b => (b -> b) -> (b -> Bool)
-> liftM2 (==) id :: Eq b => (b -> b) -> b -> Bool

In short the function is still "monadic", although by using id , you have selected a specific monad, and thus the function is no longer applicable to all sorts of monads, only to the (->) r monad.