如何改进我的代码以使其运行得更快？

Question

I am conducting a project in data science to analyse large volumes of cancer genome data, my computer is relatively inefficient and has a low cpu and low ram. As a result to run through all the samples it take sufficiently too long.

I have tried reducing any excess code, I have tried getting rid of for loops for list comprehensions, I have used multiprocessing to split up my tasks to run faster.

import re
import xlrd
import os
import time
from multiprocessing import Pool
import collections
import pandas as pd

if os.path.exists("C:\\Users\\js769\\genomemutations\\Input\\ChromosomesVersion") == True:
    print("chromosomes in folder")
else:
    os.makedirs("C:\\Users\\js769\\genomemutations\\Input\\ChromosomesVersion")
    print(
        "Chromosome Folder Created, Please transfer current version of chromosome number base data to new file."
    )
if os.path.exists("C:\\Users\\js769\\genomemutations\\Input\\MutationSamples") == True:
    print("Add sample data to run.")
else:
    os.makedirs("C:\\Users\\js769\\genomemutations\\Input\\MutationSamples")
    print("Mutation Sample Folder Created, please add mutation sample data to folder.")
if os.path.exists("C:\\Users\\js769\\genomemutations\\output") == True:
    print("3")
else:
    os.makedirs("C:\\Users\\js769\\genomemutations\\output")


# Require editing of this so it works both on a mac or windows system. Currently this version suited to mac because of higher processing power.
# Require ability to check to see if error occurs
def Main(Yeram):
    import os
    import glob
    import errno
    import shutil
    import xlrd
    import pandas as pd
    import time
    import re
    import numpy as np

    FragmentSize = 10000000  # This is fragment size which is adjustable.
    # Code not needed

    Position1 = Yeram.vectx
    Position2 = Yeram.vecty
    samplelist = Yeram.samplelist
    dictA = Yeram.dictA
    FragmentSize = Yeram.FragmentSize
    chromosomesizes = Yeram.chromosomesizes

    def chromosomex_mutation_data(
        chromosomenumber, mutationlist
    ):  # It selects the correct chromosome mutation point data, then it selects the data before the -. Mutation data in form(12-20)
        chromosomexlist = ["0-1"]
        for mutationposition in mutationlist:
            if mutationposition[0:2] == str(chromosomenumber):
                chromosomexlist.append(mutationposition[3:])
            elif mutationposition[0:2] == (str(chromosomenumber) + ":"):
                chromosomexlist.append(mutationposition[2:])

            else:
                continue
        Puremutationdatapoints = [int(mutationposition.split("-")[0]) for mutationposition in chromosomexlist]
        return Puremutationdatapoints

    def Dictionary_Of_Fragment_mutation(FragmentSize, MutationData, ChromosomeNumber):  #
        chromosomes = {}  # Dictionary
        chromosomesize = chromosomesizes[ChromosomeNumber - 1]
        # Opening up specific chromosome data and calculating amount of bases present in chromosome
        Number_of_fragments = int(chromosomesize / FragmentSize)
        for mutation in MutationData:
            for i in range(0, (Number_of_fragments), 1):
                a = (
                    "Chromosome"
                    + str(ChromosomeNumber)
                    + "Fragment"
                    + str(i)
                    + ",Basepairs "
                    + str(i * FragmentSize + 1)
                    + "-"
                    + str(i * FragmentSize + FragmentSize)
                )
                if mutation in range(i * FragmentSize + 1, i * FragmentSize + FragmentSize + 1):
                    if chromosomes.get(a) == None:
                        chromosomes.update({a: 1})
                    else:
                        b = (chromosomes.get(a)) + 1
                        chromosomes.update({a: b})
                else:
                    if chromosomes.get(a) == None:
                        chromosomes.update({a: 0})
                    else:
                        continue

        return chromosomes  # adds

    # This adds mutations or no mutation to each fragment for chromosome,makes dicitonaries

    def DictionaryRead(FragmentSize, Dict, ChromosomeNumber):
        chromosomesize = chromosomesizes[ChromosomeNumber - 1]
        Number_of_fragments = int(chromosomesize / FragmentSize)
        chromosomefragmentlist = []
        for i in range(0, (Number_of_fragments), 1):
            a = (
                "Chromosome"
                + str(ChromosomeNumber)
                + "Fragment"
                + str(i)
                + ",Basepairs "
                + str(i * FragmentSize + 1)
                + "-"
                + str(i * FragmentSize + FragmentSize)
            )
            chromosomefragmentlist.append(str(Dict.get((a))))
        return chromosomefragmentlist

    # This uses dictionary to create list

    def forwardpackage2(FragmentSize, PureMutationData):
        C = []  # list of data in numerical order 0 = no mutation
        for i in range(1, 23, 1):
            A = chromosomex_mutation_data(i, PureMutationData)  # Purifies Data
            B = Dictionary_Of_Fragment_mutation(FragmentSize, A, i)  # Constructs Dictionary
            C += DictionaryRead(
                FragmentSize, B, i
            )  # Uses constructed Dictionary amd generates list of numbers, each number being a fragment in numerical order.
        return C

    def Mutationpointdata(Position1, Position2, dictA, FragmentSize):  # Require dictA
        vectx = Position1
        vecty = Position2
        Samplesandmutationpoints = []
        for i in range(vectx, vecty):
            print(samplelist[i])
            new = [k for k, v in dictA.items() if int(v) == samplelist[i]]
            mutationlist = [excelsheet.cell_value(i, 23) for i in new]
            mutationlist.sort()
            Samplesandmutationpoints.append(forwardpackage2(FragmentSize, mutationlist))
        return Samplesandmutationpoints

    # Opening sample data from excel table

    return Mutationpointdata(Position1, Position2, dictA, FragmentSize)  # yeram to james samples


def ChromosomeSequenceData(ChromosomeNumber):  # Formats the chromosome file into readable information
    with open(
        r"C:\Users\js769\genomemutations\Input\ChromosomesVersion\chr" + str(ChromosomeNumber) + ".fa"
    ) as text_file:
        text_data = text_file.read()
        listA = re.sub("\n", "", text_data)
        # list2=[z for z in text_data if z!= "\n"]
        if ChromosomeNumber < 10:
            ChromosomeSequenceData = listA[5:]
        else:
            ChromosomeSequenceData = listA[6:]
    return ChromosomeSequenceData


def basepercentage_single(
    i, FragmentSize, ChromosomeSequenceData
):  # Creates a list of base percentage known for certain type of chromosome.
    sentence = ChromosomeSequenceData[(i * FragmentSize + 1) : (i * FragmentSize + FragmentSize)]
    a = sentence.count("N") + sentence.count("n")
    c = str(((FragmentSize - a) / FragmentSize) * 100) + "%"
    return c


def basepercentage_multiple(
    FragmentSize, ChromosomeSequenceData
):  # Creates a a list of base percentages known which correspond with the dna fragments for every chromosome.
    fragmentamount = int(len(ChromosomeSequenceData) / FragmentSize)
    list = [
        basepercentage_single(i, FragmentSize, ChromosomeSequenceData) for i in range(0, (fragmentamount), 1)
    ]
    return list


def FragmentEncodedPercentage(
    FragmentSize
):  # Packages a list of base percentages known which correspond with the dna fragments for every chromosome.
    Initial_list = [basepercentage_multiple(FragmentSize, ChromosomeSequenceData(i)) for i in range(1, 23, 1)]
    List_of_fragment_encoded_percentages = [item for sublist in Initial_list for item in sublist]
    return List_of_fragment_encoded_percentages


def chromosomefragmentlist(
    FragmentSize, ChromosomeNumber
):  # Creares a list of fragment sizes for a specific chromosome.
    chromosomesize = chromosomesizes[ChromosomeNumber - 1]
    Number_of_fragments = int(chromosomesize / FragmentSize)
    chromosomefragmentlist = []
    for i in range(0, (Number_of_fragments), 1):
        a = (
            "Chromosome"
            + str(ChromosomeNumber)
            + "Fragment"
            + str(i)
            + ",Basepairs "
            + str(i * FragmentSize + 1)
            + "-"
            + str(i * FragmentSize + FragmentSize)
        )
        chromosomefragmentlist.append(str(((a))))
    return chromosomefragmentlist


def GenomeFragmentGenerator(
    FragmentSize
):  # Creates the genome fragments for all chromosomes and adds them all to a list.
    list = [chromosomefragmentlist(FragmentSize, i) for i in range(1, 23, 1)]
    A = [item for sublist in list for item in sublist]
    return A


def excelcreation(
    mutationdata, samplelist, alpha, bravo, FragmentSize, A, B
):  # Program runs sample alpha to bravo and then constructs excel table
    data = {"GenomeFragments": A, "Encoded Base Percentage": B}
    for i in range(alpha, bravo):
        data.update({str(samplelist[i]): mutationdata[i]})
    df = pd.DataFrame(data, index=A)
    export_csv = df.to_csv(
        r"C:/Users/js769/genomemutations/output/chromosomeAll.csv", index=None, header=True
    )


start_time = time.time()

# Code determine base fragment size
FragmentSize = 1000000


chromosomesizes = []  # This calculates the base pair sizes for each chromosome.
for i in range(1, 23):
    with open(r"C:\Users\js769\genomemutations\Input\ChromosomesVersion\chr" + str(i) + ".fa") as text_file:
        text_data = text_file.read()
        list = re.sub("\n", "", text_data)
        if i < 10:
            chromosomesizes.append(len(list[5:]))
        else:
            chromosomesizes.append(len(list[6:]))


wb = xlrd.open_workbook("C:/Users/js769/genomemutations/input/MutationSamples/Complete Sample For lungs.xlsx")
excelsheet = wb.sheet_by_index(0)
excelsheet.cell_value(0, 0)
sampleswithduplicates = [excelsheet.cell_value(i, 5) for i in range(1, excelsheet.nrows)]
samplelist = []
for sample in sampleswithduplicates:
    if sample not in samplelist:
        samplelist.append(int(sample))  # Constructs list of sample , each sample only comes up once


dictA = {}
counter = 1  # Creates a dictionary where it counts the
for sample in sampleswithduplicates:
    dictA.update({counter: int(sample)})
    counter = counter + 1


A = GenomeFragmentGenerator(FragmentSize)
B = FragmentEncodedPercentage(FragmentSize)


value = collections.namedtuple(
    "value", ["vectx", "vecty", "samplelist", "dictA", "FragmentSize", "chromosomesizes"]
)
SampleValues = (
    value(
        vectx=0,
        vecty=2,
        samplelist=samplelist,
        dictA=dictA,
        FragmentSize=FragmentSize,
        chromosomesizes=chromosomesizes,
    ),
    value(
        vectx=2,
        vecty=4,
        samplelist=samplelist,
        dictA=dictA,
        FragmentSize=FragmentSize,
        chromosomesizes=chromosomesizes,
    ),
    value(
        vectx=4,
        vecty=6,
        samplelist=samplelist,
        dictA=dictA,
        FragmentSize=FragmentSize,
        chromosomesizes=chromosomesizes,
    ),
    value(
        vectx=6,
        vecty=8,
        samplelist=samplelist,
        dictA=dictA,
        FragmentSize=FragmentSize,
        chromosomesizes=chromosomesizes,
    ),
    value(
        vectx=8,
        vecty=10,
        samplelist=samplelist,
        dictA=dictA,
        FragmentSize=FragmentSize,
        chromosomesizes=chromosomesizes,
    ),
    value(
        vectx=10,
        vecty=12,
        samplelist=samplelist,
        dictA=dictA,
        FragmentSize=FragmentSize,
        chromosomesizes=chromosomesizes,
    ),
    value(
        vectx=12,
        vecty=14,
        samplelist=samplelist,
        dictA=dictA,
        FragmentSize=FragmentSize,
        chromosomesizes=chromosomesizes,
    ),
    value(
        vectx=14,
        vecty=16,
        samplelist=samplelist,
        dictA=dictA,
        FragmentSize=FragmentSize,
        chromosomesizes=chromosomesizes,
    ),
)


print("starting multiprocessing")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    with Pool(4) as p:
        result = p.map(Main, SampleValues)

    Allmutationdata = []
    for i in result:
        for b in i:
            Allmutationdata.append(b)

    excelcreation(Allmutationdata, samplelist, 0, 16, FragmentSize, A, B)

print("My program took " + str(time.time() - start_time) + " to run")

So the program runs that isn't the issue, the issue is the time it runs,can anyone spot anywhere where my code maybe at fault.

Answer 1

This article How to make your pandas loop run 72,000x faster has really resonated with me and I think will help you.

It provides clear instructions on how to vectorize your for loops to drastically speed them up

Methods to speed up a For Loop :

1. Utilize pandas iterrows()
   ~321 times faster

   Example

for index, row in dataframe.iterrows():
     print(index, row)

2. Pandas Vectorization
   ~9280 times faster

   Example

df.loc[((col1 == val1) & (col2 == val2)), column_name] = conditional_result

3. Numpy Vectorization
   ~72,000 times faster

   Example

df.loc[((col1.values == val1) & (col2.values == val2)), column_name] = conditional_result

By adding .values we receive a numpy array.

---

Credit for the timing results goes to this article