在 C++ 中，我们可以通过 volatile + 内存栅栏（sfence + lfence）来保证两个线程之间发生之前发生吗？

Question

Briefly speaking, can the data stored in src be correctly copied to dst , in the following code?

volatile bool flag = false;

// In thread A.
memset(mid, src, size);
__asm__ __volatile__("sfence" ::: "memory");
flag = true;

// In thread B.
while (flag == false);
__asm__ __volatile__("lfence" ::: "memory");
memset(dst, mid, size);

Answer 1

https://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/DontUseInlineAsm

Don't use this code in practice, use std::atomic<bool> with memory_order_release and acquire to get the same asm code-gen (but without the unnecessary lfence and sfence)

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But yes, this looks safe , for compilers that define the behaviour of volatile such that data-race UB on the volatile bool flag isn't a problem. This is the case for compilers like GCC that can compile the Linux kernel (which rolls its own atomics using volatile like you're doing).

ISO C++ doesn't strictly require this, for example a hypothetical implementation might exist on a machine without coherent shared memory, so atomic stores would require explicit flushing. But in practice there aren't any such implementations. (There are some embedded systems where volatile stores use different or extra instructions to make MMIO work, though.)

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A barrier before a store makes it a release store, and a barrier after a load makes it an acquire load.https://preshing.com/20120913/acquire-and-release-semantics/ . Happens Before can be established with just a release store seen by an acquire load.

The x86 asm memory model already forbids all reordering except StoreLoad, so only compile-time reordering needs to be blocks. This will compile to asm that's the same as what you'd get from using std::atomic<bool> with mo_release and mo_acquire , except for those inefficient LFENCE and SFENCE instructions.

C++ How is release-and-acquire achieved on x86 only using MOV? explains why the x86 asm memory model is at least as strong as acq_rel.

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The sfence and lfence instructions inside the asm statements are totally irrelevant , only the asm("" ::: "memory") compiler barrier part is needed. https://preshing.com/20120625/memory-ordering-at-compile-time/ . Compile-time reordering only has to respect the C++ memory model, but whatever the compiler picks is then nailed down by the x86 memory model. (Program-order + store buffer with store forwarding = slightly stronger than acq_rel)

(A GNU C asm statement with no output operands is implicitly volatile so I'm omitting the explicit volatile .)

(Unless you're trying to synchronize NT stores? If so you only need sfence , not lfence .) Does the Intel Memory Model make SFENCE and LFENCE redundant? yes. A memset that internally uses NT stores will use sfence itself, to make itself compatible with the standard C++ atomics / ordering -> asm mapping used on x86. If you use a different mapping (like freely using NT stores without sfence), you could in theory break mutex critical sections unless you roll your own mutexes, too. (In practice most mutex implementations use a lock ed instruction in take and release, which is a full barrier.)

An empty asm statement with a memory clobber is sort of a roll-your-own equivalent to atomic_thread_fence(std::memory_order_acquire_release) because of x86's memory model. atomic_thread_fence(acq_rel) will compile to zero asm instructions, just blocking compile-time reordering.

Only seq_cst thread fence needs to emit any asm instructions to flush the store buffer and wait for that to happen before any later loads. aka a full barrier (like mfence or a lock ed instruction like lock add qword ptr [rsp], 0 ).

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Don't roll your own atomics using volatile and inline asm

Yes, you can, and I hope you were just asking to understand how things work.

You ended up making something much less efficient than it needed to be because you used lfence (an out-of-order execution barrier that's essentially useless for memory ordering) instead of just a compiler barrier. And an unnecessary sfence .

See When should I use _mm_sfence _mm_lfence and _mm_mfence for basically the same problem but using intrinsics instead of inline asm. Generally you only want _mm_sfence() after NT-store intrinsics, and you should leave mfence up to the compiler with std::atomic .

When to use volatile with multi threading? - normally never; use std::atomic with mo_relaxed instead of volatile .

Answer 2

If you're asking about C++ memory model then the answer is no, your code is not thread-safe for multiple reasons:

1. In C++ memory model, concurrent access to an object from multiple threads, where at least one access is a modification, constitute a data race , which is UB. The only exception to this rule are thread synchronization primitives, like atomics, mutexes, condition variables, etc. Volatile variables are not an exception.
2. Accesses to the variable flag are not required to be atomic, even if it is marked as volatile . This means that thread B may observe a value that was not stored in flag , including a trap representation (ie a representation that corresponds to no valid value of bool ). Using such a value may produce undefined behavior, for example, the observed value of flag may not be equal to either true or false .
3. Writing or reading a volatile variable does not constitute a "happens-before" relation. In other words, it is not a compiler or hardware fence, which allows the surrounding code to be reordered around the volatile reads or writes by either the compiler or the CPU. Your attempt to introduce a fence with the asm block is not portable.

Practically speaking, your code may produce a sequence of x86 instructions that will behave as you would expect. This would be a pure coincidence given that:

1. sizeof(bool) == 1 on x86 on pretty much every OS, and storing and loading bytes is atomic on x86. Note that there are platforms where sizeof(bool) > 1 and thus accessing it may not be atomic.
2. On x86, regular stores and loads are ordered. In other words, a later store cannot be reordered before an earlier one by the CPU; same with loads. Many other CPU architectures are not so strict.
3. Most compilers will avoid reordering code around volatile operations. Some compilers, like MSVC, for example, even consider volatile operations as compiler fences. That is not the case with gcc though. Luckily, the __volatile__ qualifier prevents the compiler from reordering the asm block (and the fence it implements) with the surrounding code. This will make the asm blocks with hardware fences effective with that compiler and compatible ones.

But I'll repeat, if the code works, then only by coincidence. It doesn't have to, even on x86, as the compiler is free to optimize this code as it wants to, since, as far as it is concerned, no thread concurrency is involved here. You may rely on guarantees provided by the specific compiler, such as non-standard semantics of volatile , intrinsics and asm blocks, but at that point your program is not portable C/C++ and is written for the specific compiler, possibly with a specific set of command line switches.