[英]Is there a way to declare that a function should use the scope of the caller?
is there a feautre similar to C macros which lets you reuse code in an inline manner, without creating a seperate scope for that piece of code?是否有类似于 C 宏的功能,可让您以内联方式重用代码,而无需为那段代码创建单独的 scope?
for example:例如:
a=3
def foo():
a=4
foo()
print a
will print 3, however i want it to print 4.将打印 3,但我希望它打印 4。
i am aware of solutions involving objects like classes or a global dict, however i'm looking for a more primitive solution (like a function decorator for example) that would simply let me make changes inside the scope of the caller instead.我知道涉及类或全局字典等对象的解决方案,但是我正在寻找一个更原始的解决方案(例如 function 装饰器),它只会让我在调用者的 scope 内部进行更改。
thank you very much非常感谢您
edit:any solution that requires declaring which variables i'm going to use OR declaring a "namespace" like mutabale objects beforehand is not a solution i'm looking for.编辑:任何需要声明我将使用哪些变量或事先声明像 mutabale 对象这样的“命名空间”的解决方案都不是我正在寻找的解决方案。
i had made an attempt on my own:我自己尝试过:
def pgame():
a=3
c=5
print locals()
game(a)
print locals()
class inline_func(object):
def __init__(self, f):
self.f = f
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
return self.f(*args, **kwargs)
#to be @inline_func
def game(b, a=4):
exec("inspect.stack()[3][0].f_locals.update(inspect.stack()[1] [0].f_locals)\nctypes.pythonapi.PyFrame_LocalsToFast(ctypes.py_object(inspect.stack()[3][0]),ctypes.c_int(0))\ninspect.stack()[1][0].f_locals.update(inspect.stack()[3][0].f_locals)\nctypes.pythonapi.PyFrame_LocalsToFast(ctypes.py_object(inspect.stack()[1][0]),ctypes.c_int(0))")
try:
print "your code here"
finally:
exec("inspect.stack()[3][0].f_locals.update(inspect.stack()[1][0].f_locals)\nctypes.pythonapi.PyFrame_LocalsToFast(ctypes.py_object(inspect.stack()[3][0]),ctypes.c_int(0))")
@inline_func
def strip_game(b, a=4):
print "your code here"
but i have ran into a serious problem with how to inject code into strip_game
without ruining the debugability of the program, because i had only thought of creating a new code object or using exec, both suffering from some severe problems.但是我遇到了一个严重的问题,即如何在不破坏程序可调试性的情况下将代码注入
strip_game
,因为我只想创建一个新代码 object 或使用 exec,两者都遇到了一些严重的问题。
ok, so i have something close to a working solution, however i encounter a very wierd problem:好的,所以我有一些接近工作解决方案的东西,但是我遇到了一个非常奇怪的问题:
import inspect
import ctypes
import struct
import dis
import types
def cgame():
a=3
c=5
print locals()
strip_game(a)
print locals()
def pgame():
a=3
c=5
print locals()
game(a)
print locals()
class empty_deco(object):
def __init__(self, f):
self.f = f
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
return self.f(*args, **kwargs)
debug_func = None
class inline_func(object):
def __init__(self, f):
self.f = f
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
init_exec_string = "inspect.stack()[3][0].f_locals.update(inspect.stack()[1][0].f_locals)\n" + \
"ctypes.pythonapi.PyFrame_LocalsToFast(ctypes.py_object(inspect.stack()[3][0]),ctypes.c_int(0))\n" + \
"inspect.stack()[1][0].f_locals.update(inspect.stack()[3][0].f_locals)\n" + \
"ctypes.pythonapi.PyFrame_LocalsToFast(ctypes.py_object(inspect.stack()[1][0]),ctypes.c_int(0))"
fini_exec_string = "inspect.stack()[3][0].f_locals.update(inspect.stack()[1][0].f_locals)\n" + \
"ctypes.pythonapi.PyFrame_LocalsToFast(ctypes.py_object(inspect.stack()[3][0]),ctypes.c_int(0))"
co_stacksize = max(6, self.f.func_code.co_stacksize) # make sure we have enough space on the stack for everything
co_consts = self.f.func_code.co_consts +(init_exec_string, fini_exec_string)
init = "d" + struct.pack("H", len(strip_game.f.func_code.co_consts)) #LOAD_CONST init_exec_string
init += "d\x00\x00\x04U" # LOAD_CONST None, DUP_TOP, EXEC_STMT
init += "z" + struct.pack("H", len(self.f.func_code.co_code) + 4) #SETUP_FINALLY
fini = "Wd\x00\x00" # POP_BLOCK, LOAD_CONST None
fini += "d" + struct.pack("H", len(strip_game.f.func_code.co_consts) + 1) #LOAD_CONST fini_exec_string
fini += "d\x00\x00\x04UXd\x00\x00S" # LOAD_CONST None, DUP_TOP, EXEC_STMT, END_FINALLY, LOAD_CONST None, RETURN
co_code = init + self.f.func_code.co_code + fini
co_lnotab = "\x00\x00\x0b" + self.f.func_code.co_lnotab[1:] # every error in init will be attributed to @inline_func, errors in the function will be treated as expected, errors in fini will be attributed to the last line probably.
new_code = types.CodeType(
self.f.func_code.co_argcount,
self.f.func_code.co_nlocals,
co_stacksize,
self.f.func_code.co_flags & ~(1), # optimized functions are problematic for us
co_code,
co_consts,
self.f.func_code.co_names,
self.f.func_code.co_varnames,
self.f.func_code.co_filename,
self.f.func_code.co_name,
self.f.func_code.co_firstlineno,
co_lnotab,
self.f.func_code.co_freevars,
self.f.func_code.co_cellvars,)
self.inline_f = types.FunctionType(new_code, self.f.func_globals, self.f.func_name, self.f.func_defaults, self.f.func_closure)
#dis.dis(self.inline_f)
global debug_func
debug_func = self.inline_f
return self.inline_f(*args, **kwargs)
@empty_deco
def game(b, a=4):
exec("inspect.stack()[3][0].f_locals.update(inspect.stack()[1][0].f_locals)\nctypes.pythonapi.PyFrame_LocalsToFast(ctypes.py_object(inspect.stack()[3][0]),ctypes.c_int(0))\ninspect.stack()[1][0].f_locals.update(inspect.stack()[3][0].f_locals)\nctypes.pythonapi.PyFrame_LocalsToFast(ctypes.py_object(inspect.stack()[1][0]),ctypes.c_int(0))")
try:
print "inner locals:"
print locals()
print c
return None
finally:
exec("inspect.stack()[3][0].f_locals.update(inspect.stack()[1][0].f_locals)\nctypes.pythonapi.PyFrame_LocalsToFast(ctypes.py_object(inspect.stack()[3][0]),ctypes.c_int(0))")
@inline_func
def strip_game(b, a=4):
print "inner locals:"
print locals()
print c
return None
def stupid():
exec("print 'hello'")
try:
a=1
b=2
c=3
d=4
finally:
exec("print 'goodbye'")
now this seems to work however, i get the following:现在这似乎可行,但是,我得到以下信息:
>>>cgame()
{'a': 3, 'c': 5}
{'a': 4, 'c': 5, 'b': 3}
your code here
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#43>", line 1, in <module>
cgame()
File "C:\Python27\somefile.py", line 14, in cgame
strip_game(a)
File "C:\Python27\somefile.py", line 78, in __call__
return self.inline_f(*args, **kwargs)
File "C:\Python27\somefile.py", line 94, in strip_game
z = c
NameError: global name 'c' is not defined
now when i disassemble the functions, i get the following very wierd compilation difference between game
and strip_game
:现在,当我反汇编这些函数时,我得到以下
game
和strip_game
之间非常奇怪的编译差异:
in game:在游戏中:
86 16 LOAD_NAME 0 (locals)
19 CALL_FUNCTION 0
22 PRINT_ITEM
23 PRINT_NEWLINE
87 24 **LOAD_NAME** 1 (c)
27 PRINT_ITEM
28 PRINT_NEWLINE
in strip game:在脱衣舞游戏中:
95 16 LOAD_GLOBAL 0 (locals)
19 CALL_FUNCTION 0
22 PRINT_ITEM
23 PRINT_NEWLINE
96 24 LOAD_GLOBAL 1 (c)
27 PRINT_ITEM
28 PRINT_NEWLINE
why is does this difference occur?为什么会出现这种差异?
In this case, just use the global
keyword:在这种情况下,只需使用
global
关键字:
a=3
def foo():
global a
a=4
foo()
print (a)
That modifies the outer scope, if it is global.这会修改外部 scope,如果它是全局的。
If the outer scope is a function, that is done with the nonlocal
keyword instead - which was introduced with Python 3.0.如果外部 scope 是
nonlocal
,则使用 nonlocal 关键字代替 - 这是 Python 3.0 引入的。
Changing the scope of the caller function however, is not a premise of Python, and is a language characteristic.然而,改变调用者 function 的 scope 并不是 Python 的前提,而是语言特性。
It can be done.这是可以做到的。 But just by calling private C api's (to bake 'locals' values back into the fast local variables) and is definettely not a good practice.
但仅仅通过调用私有 C api(将“本地”值烘焙回快速局部变量),这绝对不是一个好习惯。
DOing it through a magic decorator would also be possible, but the decorator would have to rewrite the bytecode in the inner function - by replacing each access to a 'nonlocal' variable by retrieving and updating the value on the caler locals
, and, at the end of the function - https://programtalk.com/python-examples/ctypes.pythonapi.PyFrame_LocalsToFast/也可以通过魔法装饰器来实现,但装饰器必须重写内部 function 中的字节码 - 通过检索和更新校准器
locals
上的值来替换对“非本地”变量的每次访问,并且,在function - https 的结尾://programtalk.com/python-examples/ctypes.pythonapi.PyFrame_LocalsToFast/
So, that said, here is a proof of concept.所以,也就是说,这是一个概念证明。 It is, of course, thread, and async unsafe as hell - but if the attributes in the proxy class are promoted to threadlocals or context-local (pep 555), it should work.
当然,它是线程和异步不安全的地狱- 但是如果代理 class 中的属性被提升为线程本地或上下文本地(pep 555),它应该可以工作。 it should be easy to adapt this to search for the local-variables to change up on the call stack (so that changes made in a sub-sub-call could change the grandparents locals, just as in dynamic scoped languages)
它应该很容易适应它来搜索局部变量以在调用堆栈上进行更改(以便在子子调用中所做的更改可以更改祖父母的本地人,就像在动态范围的语言中一样)
As stated in the question, there is no need to declare the variables on the caller as anything - they just must be normal local variables.如问题中所述,无需将调用者上的变量声明为任何内容-它们必须是普通的局部变量。 However, this requires the declaration, on the decorated function, the variables I want to change on the caller scope as 'global', so that changing then will go through an object I can customize.
However, this requires the declaration, on the decorated function, the variables I want to change on the caller scope as 'global', so that changing then will go through an object I can customize. If you can't have even this, you will indeed have to resort to rewrite the bytecode on the decorated function, or use the hooks put in place for writing debuggers (setting "trace on" on the code).
如果你连这个都做不到,你确实不得不求助于在装饰的 function 上重写字节码,或者使用为编写调试器而设置的钩子(在代码上设置“trace on”)。
nb the exact behavior of changes locals() was specified to the language recently - prior to 3.8, IIRC, - and "locals_to_fast" seems to be an stable enough API - but it might change in the future.注意,最近更改 locals() 的确切行为已指定给该语言 - 在 3.8、IIRC 之前 - 并且“ locals_to_fast ”似乎是一个足够稳定的 API - 但它可能会在未来发生变化。
# Tested in Python 3.8.0
import ctypes
from functools import wraps
from sys import _getframe as getframe
from types import FunctionType
class GlobalProxy(dict):
__slots__ = ("parent", "frame", "mode")
def __init__(self, parent):
self.parent = parent
self.frame = None
self.mode = None
def __getitem__(self, name):
if self.mode == "target":
if name in self.frame.f_locals:
return self.frame.f_locals[name]
if name in self.parent:
return self.parent[name]
return getattr(self.parent["__builtins__"], name)
return super().__getitem__(name)
"""
# This is not run - Python's VM STORE_GLOBAL bypasses the custom __setitem__ (although __getitem__ above runs)
def __setitem__(self, name, value):
if name in self.frame.f_locals:
self.frame.f_locals[name] = value
bake_locals(self.frame)
self.parent[name] = value
"""
def bake_locals(self):
ctypes.pythonapi.PyFrame_LocalsToFast(ctypes.py_object(self.frame), ctypes.c_int(1))
def save_changes(self):
self.mode = "inner"
target = self.frame.f_locals
target_names = set(target.keys())
for key in self:
if key in target_names:
target[key] = self[key]
else:
self.parent[key] = self[key]
self.bake_locals()
def caller_changer(func):
"""Makes all global variable changes on the decorated function affect _local_ variables on the callee function instead.
"""
code = func.__code__
# NB: for Python 2, these dunder-attributes for functions have other names.
# this is for Python 3
proxy = GlobalProxy(func.__globals__)
new_function = FunctionType(code, proxy, func.__name__, func.__defaults__, func.__closure__)
@wraps(func)
def wrapper(*args, **kw):
proxy.frame = getframe().f_back
proxy.mode = "target"
result = new_function(*args, **kw)
proxy.save_changes()
return result
wrapper.proxy = proxy
return wrapper
### Example and testing code:
@caller_changer
def blah():
global iwillchange
iwillchange = "new value"
def bleh():
iwillchange = "original value"
print(iwillchange)
blah()
print(iwillchange)
And, pasting all that on an IPython shell:并且,将所有内容粘贴到 IPython shell 上:
In [121]: bleh()
original value
new value
(I might add that it felt weird testing that, since the functions that have the local variables changed do not need any decorator, or any special declaration to the variables at all) (我可能会补充一点,测试感觉很奇怪,因为改变了局部变量的函数不需要任何装饰器,或者根本不需要对变量进行任何特殊声明)
ok, so after several hours of sitting on this thing i've managed to write a solution, there are some major pitfalls when approaching this and i'll note them below好的,所以在坐了几个小时之后,我设法编写了一个解决方案,在处理这个问题时有一些主要的陷阱,我会在下面指出它们
import inspect
import ctypes
import struct
import dis
import types
def dump(obj):
for attr in dir(obj):
print("obj.%s = %r" % (attr, getattr(obj, attr)))
def cgame():
a=3
c=5
print locals()
strip_game(a)
print locals()
def pgame():
a=3
c=5
print locals()
game(a)
print locals()
class empty_deco(object):
def __init__(self, f):
self.f = f
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
return self.f(*args, **kwargs)
debug_func = None
class inline_func(object):
def __init__(self, f):
self.f = f
# this is the price we pay for using 2.7
# also, there is a huge glraing issue here, which is what happens if the user TRIES to access a global variable?
@staticmethod
def replace_globals_with_name_lookups(co):
res = ""
code = list(co)
n = len(code)
i = 0
while i < n:
c = code[i]
op = ord(c)
if dis.opname[op] == "STORE_GLOBAL":
code[i] = chr(dis.opmap['STORE_NAME'])
elif dis.opname[op] == "DELETE_GLOBAL":
code[i] = chr(dis.opmap['DELETE_NAME'])
elif dis.opname[op] == "LOAD_GLOBAL":
code[i] = chr(dis.opmap['LOAD_NAME'])
i = i+1
if op >= dis.HAVE_ARGUMENT:
i = i+2
return "".join(code)
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
init_exec_string = "inspect.stack()[3][0].f_locals.update(inspect.stack()[1][0].f_locals)\n" + \
"ctypes.pythonapi.PyFrame_LocalsToFast(ctypes.py_object(inspect.stack()[3][0]),ctypes.c_int(0))\n" + \
"inspect.stack()[1][0].f_locals.update(inspect.stack()[3][0].f_locals)\n" + \
"ctypes.pythonapi.PyFrame_LocalsToFast(ctypes.py_object(inspect.stack()[1][0]),ctypes.c_int(0))"
fini_exec_string = "inspect.stack()[3][0].f_locals.update(inspect.stack()[1][0].f_locals)\n" + \
"ctypes.pythonapi.PyFrame_LocalsToFast(ctypes.py_object(inspect.stack()[3][0]),ctypes.c_int(0))"
co_stacksize = max(6, self.f.func_code.co_stacksize) # make sure we have enough space on the stack for everything
co_consts = self.f.func_code.co_consts +(init_exec_string, fini_exec_string)
init = "d" + struct.pack("H", len(strip_game.f.func_code.co_consts)) #LOAD_CONST init_exec_string
init += "d\x00\x00\x04U" # LOAD_CONST None, DUP_TOP, EXEC_STMT
init += "z" + struct.pack("H", len(self.f.func_code.co_code) + 4) #SETUP_FINALLY
fini = "Wd\x00\x00" # POP_BLOCK, LOAD_CONST None
fini += "d" + struct.pack("H", len(strip_game.f.func_code.co_consts) + 1) #LOAD_CONST fini_exec_string
fini += "d\x00\x00\x04UXd\x00\x00S" # LOAD_CONST None, DUP_TOP, EXEC_STMT, END_FINALLY, LOAD_CONST None, RETURN
co_code = init + self.replace_globals_with_name_lookups(self.f.func_code.co_code) + fini
co_lnotab = "\x00\x00\x0b" + self.f.func_code.co_lnotab[1:] # every error in init will be attributed to @inline_func, errors in the function will be treated as expected, errors in fini will be attributed to the last line probably.
new_code = types.CodeType(
self.f.func_code.co_argcount,
self.f.func_code.co_nlocals,
co_stacksize,
self.f.func_code.co_flags & ~(1), # optimized functions are problematic for us
co_code,
co_consts,
self.f.func_code.co_names,
self.f.func_code.co_varnames,
self.f.func_code.co_filename,
self.f.func_code.co_name,
self.f.func_code.co_firstlineno,
co_lnotab,
self.f.func_code.co_freevars,
self.f.func_code.co_cellvars,)
self.inline_f = types.FunctionType(new_code, self.f.func_globals, self.f.func_name, self.f.func_defaults, self.f.func_closure)
#dis.dis(self.inline_f)
global debug_func
debug_func = self.inline_f
return self.inline_f(*args, **kwargs)
@empty_deco
def game(b, a=4):
exec("inspect.stack()[3][0].f_locals.update(inspect.stack()[1][0].f_locals)\nctypes.pythonapi.PyFrame_LocalsToFast(ctypes.py_object(inspect.stack()[3][0]),ctypes.c_int(0))\ninspect.stack()[1][0].f_locals.update(inspect.stack()[3][0].f_locals)\nctypes.pythonapi.PyFrame_LocalsToFast(ctypes.py_object(inspect.stack()[1][0]),ctypes.c_int(0))")
try:
print "inner locals:"
print locals()
print c
return None
finally:
exec("inspect.stack()[3][0].f_locals.update(inspect.stack()[1][0].f_locals)\nctypes.pythonapi.PyFrame_LocalsToFast(ctypes.py_object(inspect.stack()[3][0]),ctypes.c_int(0))")
@inline_func
def strip_game(b, a=4):
print "inner locals:"
print locals()
print c
return None
where the acutal code needed lies in the class inline_func
and some of the imports (maybe you can make them internal to the class? i'm really not sure)所需的实际代码在
class inline_func
和一些导入中(也许您可以将它们设置为 class 的内部?我真的不确定)
so what does this whole thing do?那么这整件事是做什么的呢? well, it makes it so the code for
strip_game
and game
are (nearly) identical, namely:好吧,它使
strip_game
和game
的代码(几乎)相同,即:
there are some major pitfalls making things like these, i'll list a few problems i've encountered:有一些主要的陷阱使这样的事情发生,我将列出我遇到的一些问题:
compiler_nameop
function optimizes namespace lookup based on the simplicity of the given function, that means that it will optimize name lookups to global lookups if it can compiler_nameop
function 基于给定 function 的简单性优化命名空间查找,这意味着如果可以的话,它将优化名称查找到全局查找co_lnotab
variableco_lnotab
变量中解决了这个问题 thank @jsbueno for putting in the time and pointing me to PyFrame_LocalsToFast.感谢@jsbueno 投入时间并将我指向 PyFrame_LocalsToFast。
PS this solution works for python 2.7.6, python has some issues when it comes to stability of the API, so for newer versions this might need to be fixed. PS 此解决方案适用于 python 2.7.6,python 在 API 的稳定性方面存在一些问题,因此对于较新的版本,这可能需要修复。
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