Shell 命令到 tar 目录，不包括某些文件/文件夹

Question

Is there a simple shell command/script that supports excluding certain files/folders from being archived?

I have a directory that need to be archived with a sub directory that has a number of very large files I do not need to backup.

Not quite solutions:

The tar --exclude=PATTERN command matches the given pattern and excludes those files, but I need specific files & folders to be ignored (full file path), otherwise valid files might be excluded.

I could also use the find command to create a list of files and exclude the ones I don't want to archive and pass the list to tar, but that only works with for a small amount of files. I have tens of thousands.

I'm beginning to think the only solution is to create a file with a list of files/folders to be excluded, then use rsync with --exclude-from=file to copy all the files to a tmp directory, and then use tar to archive that directory.

Can anybody think of a better/more efficient solution?

EDIT: Charles Ma 's solution works well. The big gotcha is that the --exclude='./folder' MUST be at the beginning of the tar command. Full command (cd first, so backup is relative to that directory):

cd /folder_to_backup
tar --exclude='./folder' --exclude='./upload/folder2' -zcvf /backup/filename.tgz .

Answer 1

You can have multiple exclude options for tar so

$ tar --exclude='./folder' --exclude='./upload/folder2' -zcvf /backup/filename.tgz .

etc will work. Make sure to put --exclude before the source and destination items.

Answer 2

You can exclude directories with --exclude for tar.

If you want to archive everything except /usr you can use:

tar -zcvf /all.tgz / --exclude=/usr

In your case perhaps something like

tar -zcvf archive.tgz arc_dir --exclude=dir/ignore_this_dir

Answer 3

Possible options to exclude files/directories from backup using tar:

Exclude files using multiple patterns

tar -czf backup.tar.gz --exclude=PATTERN1 --exclude=PATTERN2 ... /path/to/backup

Exclude files using an exclude file filled with a list of patterns

tar -czf backup.tar.gz -X /path/to/exclude.txt /path/to/backup

Exclude files using tags by placing a tag file in any directory that should be skipped

tar -czf backup.tar.gz --exclude-tag-all=exclude.tag /path/to/backup

Answer 4

old question with many answers, but I found that none were quite clear enough for me, so I would like to add my try.

if you have the following structure

/home/ftp/mysite/

with following file/folders

/home/ftp/mysite/file1
/home/ftp/mysite/file2
/home/ftp/mysite/file3
/home/ftp/mysite/folder1
/home/ftp/mysite/folder2
/home/ftp/mysite/folder3

so, you want to make a tar file that contain everyting inside /home/ftp/mysite (to move the site to a new server), but file3 is just junk, and everything in folder3 is also not needed, so we will skip those two.

we use the format

tar -czvf <name of tar file> <what to tar> <any excludes>

where the c = create, z = zip, and v = verbose (you can see the files as they are entered, usefull to make sure none of the files you exclude are being added). and f= file.

so, my command would look like this

cd /home/ftp/
tar -czvf mysite.tar.gz mysite --exclude='file3' --exclude='folder3'

note the files/folders excluded are relatively to the root of your tar (I have tried full path here relative to / but I can not make that work).

hope this will help someone (and me next time I google it)

Answer 5

You can use standard "ant notation" to exclude directories relative.
This works for me and excludes any .git or node_module directories:

tar -cvf myFile.tar --exclude=**/.git/* --exclude=**/node_modules/*  -T /data/txt/myInputFile.txt 2> /data/txt/myTarLogFile.txt

myInputFile.txt contains:

/dev2/java
/dev2/javascript

Answer 6

这个排除模式处理像 png 或 mp3 这样的文件名后缀以及像 .git 和 node_modules 这样的目录名

tar --exclude={*.png,*.mp3,*.wav,.git,node_modules} -Jcf ${target_tarball}  ${source_dirname}

Answer 7

I've experienced that, at least with the Cygwin version of tar I'm using ("CYGWIN_NT-5.1 1.7.17(0.262/5/3) 2012-10-19 14:39 i686 Cygwin" on a Windows XP Home Edition SP3 machine), the order of options is important.

While this construction worked for me:

tar cfvz target.tgz --exclude='<dir1>' --exclude='<dir2>' target_dir

that one didn't work:

tar cfvz --exclude='<dir1>' --exclude='<dir2>' target.tgz target_dir

This, while tar --help reveals the following:

tar [OPTION...] [FILE]

So, the second command should also work, but apparently it doesn't seem to be the case...

Best rgds,

Answer 8

我在其他地方发现了这个，所以我不会相信，但对于我的 mac 特定问题，它比上面的任何解决方案都更好（即使这是关闭的）：

tar zc --exclude __MACOSX --exclude .DS_Store -f <archive> <source(s)>

Answer 9

For Mac OSX I had to do

tar -zcv --exclude='folder' -f theOutputTarFile.tar folderToTar

Note the -f after the --exclude=

Answer 10

For those who have issues with it, some versions of tar would only work properly without the './' in the exclude value.

Tar --version

tar (GNU tar) 1.27.1

Command syntax that work:

tar -czvf ../allfiles-butsome.tar.gz * --exclude=acme/foo

These will not work:

$ tar -czvf ../allfiles-butsome.tar.gz * --exclude=./acme/foo
$ tar -czvf ../allfiles-butsome.tar.gz * --exclude='./acme/foo'
$ tar --exclude=./acme/foo -czvf ../allfiles-butsome.tar.gz *
$ tar --exclude='./acme/foo' -czvf ../allfiles-butsome.tar.gz *
$ tar -czvf ../allfiles-butsome.tar.gz * --exclude=/full/path/acme/foo
$ tar -czvf ../allfiles-butsome.tar.gz * --exclude='/full/path/acme/foo'
$ tar --exclude=/full/path/acme/foo -czvf ../allfiles-butsome.tar.gz *
$ tar --exclude='/full/path/acme/foo' -czvf ../allfiles-butsome.tar.gz *

Answer 11

After reading all this good answers for different versions and having solved the problem for myself, I think there are very small details that are very important, and rare to GNU/Linux general use , that aren't stressed enough and deserves more than comments.

So I'm not going to try to answer the question for every case, but instead, try to register where to look when things doesn't work.

IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO NOTICE:

1. THE ORDER OF THE OPTIONS MATTER: it is not the same put the --exclude before than after the file option and directories to backup. This is unexpected at least to me, because in my experience, in GNU/Linux commands, usually the order of the options doesn't matter.
2. Different tar versions expects this options in different order: for instance, @Andrew's answer indicates that in GNU tar v 1.26 and 1.28 the excludes comes last, whereas in my case, with GNU tar 1.29, it's the other way.
3. THE TRAILING SLASHES MATTER : at least in GNU tar 1.29, it shouldn't be any .

In my case, for GNU tar 1.29 on Debian stretch, the command that worked was

tar --exclude="/home/user/.config/chromium" --exclude="/home/user/.cache" -cf file.tar  /dir1/ /home/ /dir3/

The quotes didn't matter, it worked with or without them.

I hope this will be useful to someone.

Answer 12

If you are trying to exclude Version Control System (VCS) files, tar already supports two interesting options about it! :)

1. Option : --exclude-vcs

This option excludes files and directories used by following version control systems: CVS , RCS , SCCS , SVN , Arch , Bazaar , Mercurial , and Darcs .

As of version 1.32, the following files are excluded:

• CVS/ , and everything under it
• RCS/ , and everything under it
• SCCS/ , and everything under it
• .git/ , and everything under it
• .gitignore
• .gitmodules
• .gitattributes
• .cvsignore
• .svn/ , and everything under it
• .arch-ids/ , and everything under it
• {arch}/ , and everything under it
• =RELEASE-ID
• =meta-update
• =update
• .bzr
• .bzrignore
• .bzrtags
• .hg
• .hgignore
• .hgrags

• _darcs

  2. Option : --exclude-vcs-ignores

When archiving directories that are under some version control system (VCS), it is often convenient to read exclusion patterns from this VCS' ignore files (eg .cvsignore , .gitignore , etc.) This option provide such possibility.

Before archiving a directory, see if it contains any of the following files: cvsignore , .gitignore , .bzrignore , or .hgignore . If so, read ignore patterns from these files.

The patterns are treated much as the corresponding VCS would treat them, ie:

.cvsignore

Contains shell-style globbing patterns that apply only to the directory where this file resides. No comments are allowed in the file. Empty lines are ignored.

.gitignore

Contains shell-style globbing patterns. Applies to the directory where .gitfile is located and all its subdirectories.

Any line beginning with a # is a comment. Backslash escapes the comment character.

.bzrignore

Contains shell globbing-patterns and regular expressions (if prefixed with RE: (16). Patterns affect the directory and all its subdirectories.

Any line beginning with a # is a comment.

.hgignore

Contains posix regular expressions(17). The line syntax: glob switches to shell globbing patterns. The line syntax: regexp switches back. Comments begin with a # . Patterns affect the directory and all its subdirectories.

3. Example

tar -czv --exclude-vcs --exclude-vcs-ignores -f path/to/my-tar-file.tar.gz path/to/my/project/

Answer 13

I agree the --exclude flag is the right approach.

$ tar --exclude='./folder_or_file' --exclude='file_pattern' --exclude='fileA'

A word of warning for a side effect that I did not find immediately obvious: The exclusion of 'fileA' in this example will search for 'fileA' RECURSIVELY!

Example:A directory with a single subdirectory containing a file of the same name (data.txt)

data.txt
config.txt
--+dirA
  |  data.txt
  |  config.docx

• If using --exclude='data.txt' the archive will not contain EITHER data.txt file. This can cause unexpected results if archiving third party libraries, such as a node_modules directory.

• To avoid this issue make sure to give the entire path, like --exclude='./dirA/data.txt'

Answer 14

After reading this thread, I did a little testing on RHEL 5 and here are my results for tarring up the abc directory:

This will exclude the directories error and logs and all files under the directories:

tar cvpzf abc.tgz abc/ --exclude='abc/error' --exclude='abc/logs'

Adding a wildcard after the excluded directory will exclude the files but preserve the directories:

tar cvpzf abc.tgz abc/ --exclude='abc/error/*' --exclude='abc/logs/*'

Answer 15

To avoid possible 'xargs: Argument list too long' errors due to the use of find ... | xargs ... find ... | xargs ... when processing tens of thousands of files, you can pipe the output of find directly to tar using find ... -print0 | tar --null ... find ... -print0 | tar --null ... .

# archive a given directory, but exclude various files & directories 
# specified by their full file paths
find "$(pwd -P)" -type d \( -path '/path/to/dir1' -or -path '/path/to/dir2' \) -prune \
   -or -not \( -path '/path/to/file1' -or -path '/path/to/file2' \) -print0 | 
   gnutar --null --no-recursion -czf archive.tar.gz --files-from -
   #bsdtar --null -n -czf archive.tar.gz -T -

Answer 16

You can also use one of the "--exclude-tag" options depending on your needs:

• --exclude-tag=FILE
• --exclude-tag-all=FILE
• --exclude-tag-under=FILE

The folder hosting the specified FILE will be excluded.

Answer 17

Use the find command in conjunction with the tar append (-r) option. This way you can add files to an existing tar in a single step, instead of a two pass solution (create list of files, create tar).

find /dir/dir -prune ... -o etc etc.... -exec tar rvf ~/tarfile.tar {} \;

Answer 18

gnu tar v 1.26 the --exclude needs to come after archive file and backup directory arguments, should have no leading or trailing slashes, and prefers no quotes (single or double). So relative to the PARENT directory to be backed up, it's:

tar cvfz /path_to/mytar.tgz ./dir_to_backup --exclude=some_path/to_exclude

Answer 19

You can use cpio(1) to create tar files. cpio takes the files to archive on stdin, so if you've already figured out the find command you want to use to select the files the archive, pipe it into cpio to create the tar file:

find ... | cpio -o -H ustar | gzip -c > archive.tar.gz

Answer 20

tar -cvzf destination_folder source_folder -X /home/folder/excludes.txt

-X indicates a file which contains a list of filenames which must be excluded from the backup. For Instance, you can specify *~ in this file to not include any filenames ending with ~ in the backup.

Answer 21

It seems to be impossible to exclude directories with absolute paths . As soon as ANY of the paths are absolute (source or/and exclude) the exclude command will not work. That's my experience after trying all possible combinations.

Answer 22

一探究竟

tar cvpzf zip_folder.tgz . --exclude=./public --exclude=./tmp --exclude=./log --exclude=fileName

Answer 23

Success Case: 1) if giving full path to take backup, in exclude also should be used full path.

tar -zcvf /opt/ABC/BKP_27032020/backup_27032020.tar.gz --exclude='/opt/ABC/csv/ ' --exclude='/opt/ABC/log/ ' /opt/ABC

2) if giving current path to take backup, in exclude also should be used current path only.

tar -zcvf backup_27032020.tar.gz --exclude='ABC/csv/ ' --exclude='ABC/log/ ' ABC

Failure Case:

1. if giving currentpath directory to take backup and full path to ignore,then wont work

   tar -zcvf /opt/ABC/BKP_27032020/backup_27032020.tar.gz --exclude='/opt/ABC/csv/ ' --exclude='/opt/ABC/log/ ' ABC

Note: mentioning exclude before/after backup directory is fine.

Answer 24

I'd like to show another option I used to get the same result as the answers before provide, I had a similar case where I wanted to backup android studio projects all together in a tar file to upload to media fire, using the du command to find the large files, I found that I didn't need some directories like: build, linux e .dart_tools Using the first answer of Charles_ma I modified it a little bit to be able to run the command from the parent directory of the my Android directory.

tar --exclude='*/build' --exclude='*/linux' --exclude='*/.dart_tool' -zcvf androidProjects.tar Android/

It worked like a charm.

Ps. Sorry if this kind of answer is not allowed, if this is the case I will remove.

Answer 25

Possible redundant answer but since I found it useful, here it is:

While a FreeBSD root (ie using csh) I wanted to copy my whole root filesystem to /mnt but without /usr and (obviously) /mnt. This is what worked (I am at /):

tar --exclude ./usr --exclude ./mnt --create --file - . (cd /mnt && tar xvd -)

My whole point is that it was necessary (by putting the ./ ) to specify to tar that the excluded directories where part of the greater directory being copied.

My €0.02

Answer 26

I had no luck getting tar to exclude a 5 Gigabyte subdirectory a few levels deep. In the end, I just used the unix Zip command. It worked a lot easier for me.

So for this particular example from the original post
(tar --exclude='./folder' --exclude='./upload/folder2' -zcvf /backup/filename.tgz . )

The equivalent would be:

zip -r /backup/filename.zip . -x upload/folder/**\\* upload/folder2/**\\*

(NOTE: Here is the post I originally used that helped me https://superuser.com/questions/312301/unix-zip-directory-but-excluded-specific-subdirectories-and-everything-within-t )

Answer 27

I want to have fresh front-end version (angular folder) on localhost. Also, git folder is huge in my case, and I want to exclude it. I need to download it from server, and unpack it in order to run application.

Compress angular folder from /var/lib/tomcat7/webapps, move it to /tmp folder with name angular.23.12.19.tar.gz

Command :

tar --exclude='.git' -zcvf /tmp/angular.23.12.19.tar.gz /var/lib/tomcat7/webapps/angular/

Answer 28

Your best bet is to use find with tar, via xargs (to handle the large number of arguments). For example:

find / -print0 | xargs -0 tar cjf tarfile.tar.bz2

Answer 29

The following bash script should do the trick. It uses the answer given here by Marcus Sundman.

#!/bin/bash

echo -n "Please enter the name of the tar file you wish to create with out extension "
read nam

echo -n "Please enter the path to the directories to tar "
read pathin

echo tar -czvf $nam.tar.gz
excludes=`find $pathin -iname "*.CC" -exec echo "--exclude \'{}\'" \;|xargs`
echo $pathin

echo tar -czvf $nam.tar.gz $excludes $pathin

This will print out the command you need and you can just copy and paste it back in. There is probably a more elegant way to provide it directly to the command line.

Just change *.CC for any other common extension, file name or regex you want to exclude and this should still work.

EDIT

Just to add a little explanation; find generates a list of files matching the chosen regex (in this case *.CC). This list is passed via xargs to the echo command. This prints --exclude 'one entry from the list'. The slashes () are escape characters for the ' marks.