为迭代器实现另一个特征

Question

I'm trying to add another trait to all Iterator s. But I don't understand why it doesn't compile.

Here is the code:

use std::fmt::Display;
use std::iter::Sum;

trait Topla<T> {
    fn topla(&mut self)-> T;
}

impl<T, I> Topla<T> for I
where
    T: Sum + Display,
    I: Iterator<Item = T>,
{
    fn topla(&mut self) -> T {
        self.sum()
    }
}

fn main() {
    let data = vec![1,2,3,5,8];
    println!("{:?}", data.iter().topla());
}

Answer 1

The problem reveals itself if we use fully-qualified trait syntax:

fn main() {
    let data = vec![1,2,3,5,8u32];
    let mut iter = data.iter();
    println!("{:?}", Topla::<u32>::topla(&mut iter));
}

error[E0271]: type mismatch resolving `<std::slice::Iter<'_, u32> as std::iter::Iterator>::Item == u32`
  --> src/main.rs:22:22
   |
5  |     fn topla(&mut self) -> T;
   |     ------------------------- required by `Topla::topla`
...
22 |     println!("{:?}", Topla::<u32>::topla(&mut iter));
   |                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ expected reference, found `u32`
   |
   = note: expected reference `&u32`
                   found type `u32`
   = note: required because of the requirements on the impl of `Topla<u32>` for `std::slice::Iter<'_, u32>`

Changing Topla<u32> to Topla<&u32> gets us closer:

Compiling playground v0.0.1 (/playground)
error[E0277]: the trait bound `&u32: std::iter::Sum` is not satisfied
  --> src/main.rs:22:22
   |
5  |     fn topla(&mut self) -> T;
   |     ------------------------- required by `Topla::topla`
...
22 |     println!("{:?}", Topla::<&u32>::topla(&mut iter));
   |                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ the trait `std::iter::Sum` is not implemented for `&u32`
   |
   = help: the following implementations were found:
             <u32 as std::iter::Sum<&'a u32>>
             <u32 as std::iter::Sum>
   = note: required because of the requirements on the impl of `Topla<&u32>` for `std::slice::Iter<'_, u32>`

The problem is that Sum<&u32> isn't implemented for &u32 ; it's implemented for u32 . Since we need to return a u32 and not &u32 , we need to loosen our requirements on T , from being the iterator type itself to just being Sum able with T.

trait Topla<T> {
    fn topla(&mut self) -> T;
}

impl<T, I> Topla<T> for I
where
    T: Display + Sum<<I as Iterator>::Item>,
    I: Iterator,
{
    fn topla(&mut self) -> T {
        self.sum()
    }
}

fn main() {
    let data = vec![1,2,3,5,8u32];
    let mut iter = data.iter();
    println!("{:?}", Topla::<u32>::topla(&mut iter));
}

But now if we return to the original syntax, we get type inference failures that make our new API very annoying to use. We can get around this by being a little more strict with the API.

If we make Topla a subtrait of Iterator , we can reference the item type in the definition of the topla method, and therefore move the type parameter for the output into the method rather than the trait. This will let us use the turbofish syntax like we do with sum() . Finally we have:

use std::fmt::Display;
use std::iter::Sum;

trait Topla: Iterator {
    fn topla<T>(self) -> T
    where
        Self: Sized,
        T: Sum<<Self as Iterator>::Item>;
}

impl<I> Topla for I
where
    I: Iterator,
    <I as Iterator>::Item: Display,
{
    fn topla<T>(self) -> T
    where
        Self: Sized,
        T: Sum<<Self as Iterator>::Item>,
    {
        self.sum()
    }
}

fn main() {
    let data = vec![1, 2, 3, 5, 8];
    println!("{:?}", data.iter().topla::<u32>());
}