为什么我在 c++ 中使用链接程序的散列给出了意外的 output？

Question

I am trying to implement hashing in C++ from scratch. Everything seems to be fine except the output. I am implementing hashing using chaining. This style of hashing uses a linked list for handling collisions. I used an array of linked lists of the type HashNode which I defined inside the HashTable class.

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace  std;

template<class K,class V>
class HashTable{
    class HashNode{
        friend class HashTable;
    public:
        K key;
        V val;
        HashNode(K key, V val){
            this->key = key;
            this->val = val;
        }
        K getKey(){
            return this->key;
        }
        V getVal(){
            return this->val;
        }
    };

    int cap;
    list<HashNode>* ptr = new list<HashNode>[cap];
public:
    //constructor
    HashTable(int x){
        cap = x;    
    }

    //hash function
    hash<K> hashIt;
    int getHash(K k){
        return hashIt(k)%cap;
    }

    //adding pair
    void addPair(K k, V v){
        int index = getHash(k);
        bool found = false;
        auto bucket = *(ptr + index);
        for(auto x = bucket.begin();x!=bucket.end();x++){
            if((*x).key == k){
                (*x).val = v;
                found = true;
                break;
            }
        }
        if(!found){
            bucket.push_back(HashNode(k,v));
        }
    }

    //display function
    void display(){
        for(int i=0;i<cap;i++){
            cout<<"\n Bucket " + i<<" =>"<<endl;
            auto bucket  = *(ptr + i);
            for(auto x = bucket.begin();x!=bucket.end();x++ ){
                cout<<(*x).getKey()<<" : "<<(*x).getVal()<<endl;
            }
        }
    }
};
int main(){
    HashTable<string,int> H(13);
    H.addPair("IND",20);
    H.addPair("PAK",10);
    H.display();
}

However, when I run the program, I get the following output

 Bucket  =>
 Bucket  =>
Bucket  =>
ucket  =>
cket  =>
ket  =>
et  =>
t  =>
  =>
 =>
 => =>
=> =>
> =>

It would be helpful if anyone could point out the mistake.

Answer 1

One mistake is that

cout<<"\n Bucket " + i<<" =>"<<endl;

should be

cout << "\n Bucket " << i << " =>" << endl;

Another mistake is here

    auto bucket = *(ptr + index);
    for(auto x = bucket.begin();x!=bucket.end();x++){
        if((*x).key == k){
            (*x).val = v;
            found = true;
            break;
        }
    }
    if(!found){
        bucket.push_back(HashNode(k,v));
    }

This code copies the bucket and then inserts the node in the bucket copy, not in the original bucket in the array. This is why your hash table stays empty even after you insert items.

Here's the code rewritten to avoid this

    auto bucket = ptr + index;
    for (auto x = bucket->begin(); x!=bucket->end(); ++x) {
        if (x->key == k) {
            x->val = v;
            found = true;
            break;
        }
    }
    if (!found) {
        bucket->push_back(HashNode(k, v));
    }

In this code bucket is a pointer so there is no copy of the bucket made (you could acheive the same effect using a reference).

You have the same issue in your printing routine, you copy the buckets before printing them. This doesn't stop it working but it is inefficient and you should fix it in the same manner as above.

Answer 2

Please don't literally convert Java to C++. C++ is a very different language. Look at this:

#include <vector>
#include <functional>
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>

template<class K, class V>
class HashTable {
    struct HashNode {
        K key;
        V val;
    };

    std::vector<std::vector<HashNode>> buckets;

    //hash function
    int getBucketIdx(K const& k) const {
        return std::hash<K>{}(k) % buckets.size();
    }
public:
    //constructor
    HashTable(int cap) : buckets(cap) {}

    //adding pair
    void addPair(K const& k, V const& v) {
        auto& bucket = buckets[getBucketIdx(k)];
        auto const loc = std::find_if(begin(bucket), end(bucket),
            [&](HashNode const& hn) { return hn.key == k; });
        if (loc != end(bucket)) {
            loc->val = v;
        } else {
            bucket.emplace_back(HashNode{k, v});
        }
    }

    //display function
    void display() const {
        for(int i = 0; i < buckets.size(); ++i){
            std::cout << "Bucket " << i << " =>\n";
            for(auto const& hn : buckets[i]){
                std::cout << hn.key
                 << " : " << hn.val << '\n';
            }
        }
    }
};
int main() {
    HashTable<std::string, int> H(13);
    H.addPair("IND", 20);
    H.addPair("PAK", 10);
    H.display();
}