在 Apple Silicon 上运行的 Big Sur 上安装加密时出错

Question

I've tried to install cryptography on my brand new Air M1. But something goes wrong. I already tried some solutions from google but it didn't help.

Environment Details:

• Python 3.9.1
• pip 21.0.1
• macOS BigSur 11.2 Appl1 M1
• cffi==1.14.5
• openssl@1.1

Steps to reproduce:

pip3 install cryptography

traceback:

  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/openssl/binding.py -> build/lib.macosx-11-arm64-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/openssl
  running egg_info
  writing src/cryptography.egg-info/PKG-INFO
  writing dependency_links to src/cryptography.egg-info/dependency_links.txt
  writing requirements to src/cryptography.egg-info/requires.txt
  writing top-level names to src/cryptography.egg-info/top_level.txt
  reading manifest file 'src/cryptography.egg-info/SOURCES.txt'
  reading manifest template 'MANIFEST.in'
  no previously-included directories found matching 'docs/_build'
  warning: no previously-included files found matching 'vectors'
  warning: no previously-included files matching '*' found under directory 'vectors'
  warning: no previously-included files matching '*' found under directory '.github'
  warning: no previously-included files found matching 'release.py'
  warning: no previously-included files found matching '.coveragerc'
  warning: no previously-included files found matching 'codecov.yml'
  warning: no previously-included files found matching '.readthedocs.yml'
  warning: no previously-included files found matching 'dev-requirements.txt'
  warning: no previously-included files found matching 'tox.ini'
  warning: no previously-included files found matching 'mypy.ini'
  warning: no previously-included files matching '*' found under directory '.zuul.d'
  warning: no previously-included files matching '*' found under directory '.zuul.playbooks'
  writing manifest file 'src/cryptography.egg-info/SOURCES.txt'
  copying src/cryptography/py.typed -> build/lib.macosx-11-arm64-3.9/cryptography
  running build_ext
  generating cffi module 'build/temp.macosx-11-arm64-3.9/_padding.c'
  creating build/temp.macosx-11-arm64-3.9
  generating cffi module 'build/temp.macosx-11-arm64-3.9/_openssl.c'
  running build_rust

      =============================DEBUG ASSISTANCE=============================
      If you are seeing a compilation error please try the following steps to
      successfully install cryptography:
      1) Upgrade to the latest pip and try again. This will fix errors for most
         users. See: https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/installing/#upgrading-pip
      2) Read https://cryptography.io/en/latest/installation.html for specific
         instructions for your platform.
      3) Check our frequently asked questions for more information:
         https://cryptography.io/en/latest/faq.html
      4) Ensure you have a recent Rust toolchain installed:
         https://cryptography.io/en/latest/installation.html#rust
      5) If you are experiencing issues with Rust for *this release only* you may
         set the environment variable `CRYPTOGRAPHY_DONT_BUILD_RUST=1`.
      =============================DEBUG ASSISTANCE=============================

  error: Can not find Rust compiler
  ----------------------------------------
  ERROR: Failed building wheel for cryptography
Failed to build cryptography
ERROR: Could not build wheels for cryptography which use PEP 517 and cannot be installed directly

Answer 1

it works for me after fresh updates.

sudo xcode-select --install.

Answer 2

Rust currently works on m1 via

curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh

However you will most likely experience another error after fixing rust.

import _cffi_backend as backend ImportError: dlopen(/private/var/folders/fd/s3rl30nj6790c3p5df6x2_700000gn/T/pip-build-env-w44a7bqz/overlay/lib/python3.x/site-packages/_cffi_backend.cpython-3X-darwin.so, 2): no suitable image found. Did find: /private/var/folders/fd/s3rl30nj6790c3p5df6x2_700000gn/T/pip-build-env-w44a7bqz/overlay/lib/python3.X/site-packages/_cffi_backend.cpython-3X-darwin.so: mach-o, but wrong architecture

The issue is discussed here where it's stated that CFFI maintainers don't support m1 macs: https://github.com/gevent/gevent/issues/1721