使用 C++ 中基本 class 模板的多个 inheritance 解决过载歧义

Question

Let's say I'm trying to create a Combine class that will be derived from the given base classes.

template<typename ...Bases>
class Combine : public Bases... {};

And this works fine. For example, if I have class Foo and class Bar then class Combine<Foo, Bar> will implement all the methods from Foo and Bar . At least I thought so until I tried this:

struct ContainerProvider {
    std::vector<int> container{1, 2, 3};
};

struct ConstGetter : public virtual ContainerProvider {
    [[nodiscard]] const int &get(int index) const {
        return container[index];
    }
};

struct MutableGetter : public virtual ContainerProvider {
    int &get(int index) {
        return container[index];
    }
};

template<typename ...Bases>
class Combine : public Bases... {};

int main() {
    Combine<ConstGetter, MutableGetter> container;
    container.get(1); // Member 'get' found in multiple base classes of different types
}

In normal situations, I would just use using Super::method; , but here I don't know the names of derived methods. In a perfect world, I could use something like this:

template<typename ...Bases>
class Combine : public Bases... {
    using Bases::* ...;
};

But C++ does not allow this.

Is it possible to implement my Combine class somehow? I'm pretty sure the compiler can get all the information to resolve this edge case, but I have no idea how to provide it to make it work.

Answer 1

I imagine that renaming ConstGetter::get() to ConstGetter::const_get is not an option? However, this compiles: container.ConstGetter::get(); container.MutableGetter::get(); container.ConstGetter::get(); container.MutableGetter::get(); , check it here

---

As of why overload resolution doesn't work across classes, you could check this old post and the answer of this question .

Answer 2

Curious problem since get() defined only in one class would work perfectly, but in two? Error? I was curious if there might be a core language defect since this problem seems solvable by the compiler, but I didn't see any ( http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/cwg_defects.html ).

The ideal solution would probably be for MutableGetter to inherit from ConstGetter since, logically, a getter that allows mutation should also allow grabbing non-mutable versions.

struct MutableGetter : public ConstGetter {
  using ConstGetter::get;

  int &get(int index) {
    return container[index];
  }
};

Here's the closest I could get:

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

struct ContainerProvider {
  std::vector<int> container{1, 2, 3};
};

struct ConstGetter : public virtual ContainerProvider {
  [[nodiscard]] const int &get(int index) const {
    std::cout << "CONST" << std::endl;
    return container[index];
  }
};

struct MutableGetter : public virtual ContainerProvider {
  int &get(int index) {
    std::cout << "NON-CONST" << std::endl;
    return container[index];
  }
};

template <typename... Bases>
class Combine;

template <typename B1, typename B2, typename... Bases>
struct Combine<B1, B2, Bases...> : public B1, public Combine<B2, Bases...> {
  using B1::get;
  using Combine<B2, Bases...>::get;
};

template<typename B>
struct Combine<B> : B {
  using B::get;
};

int main() {
  Combine<ConstGetter, MutableGetter> container;
  std::cout << container.get(0) << std::endl;  // non-const
  const auto &const_container = container;
  std::cout << const_container.get(0) << std::endl;  // const
}

It really sucks for the Combine to have to know what member functions its parents expose, though. I found one partial solution if you're willing to drop the idea of member functions and occasionally do a cast...: Use friend functions

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

struct ContainerProvider {
  std::vector<int> container{1, 2, 3};
};

class ConstGetter : public virtual ContainerProvider {
  [[nodiscard]] const int &get(int index) const {
    std::cout << "CONST" << std::endl;
    return container[index];
  }

  friend [[nodiscard]] const int& get(const ConstGetter &self, int i) { return self.get(i);  }
};

class MutableGetter : public virtual ContainerProvider {
  int &get(int index) {
    std::cout << "NON-CONST" << std::endl;
    return container[index];
  }

  friend [[nodiscard]] const int &get(MutableGetter &self, int i) {
    return self.get(i);
  }
};

template <typename... Bases>
class Combine : public Bases... {};

int main() {
  Combine<ConstGetter, MutableGetter> container;
  std::cout << get((MutableGetter&)container, 0) << std::endl;
  const auto &const_container = container;
  std::cout << get(const_container, 0) << std::endl;
}