在 Python 中使用本地函数进行多处理的解决方法？

Question

Multiprocessing with locally defined functions?

I am porting over a library for a client who is very picky about external dependencies.

The majority of the multiprocessing in this library is supported by the pathos ProcessPool module. The main reason being that it can very easily deal with locally defined functions.

I'm trying to get some of this functionality back without forcing this dependence (or having to rewrite large chunks of the library). I understand that the following code works because the function is defined at the top level:

import multiprocessing as mp


def f(x):
    return x * x


def main():
    with mp.Pool(5) as p:
        print(p.map(f, [i for i in range(10)]))


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

The following code (which is what I need to get working) fails as the function is only defined in the local scope:

import multiprocessing as mp


def main():
    def f(x):
        return x * x

    with mp.Pool(5) as p:
        print(p.map(f, [i for i in range(10)]))


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Anyone know of a good workaround for this specific use case which doesn't require external dependancies? Thanks for reading.

Updates:

• There is a work around that uses fork but this is unsafe for Mac and Windows (thanks @Monica and @user2357112).
• @Blop provided an excellent suggestion that will work for many. In my case (not the toy example above) the objects in my generator are unmarshallable.
• @amsh provided a workaround which seems to work for any function + generator. While a great option, the downside is it that it requires the function be defined at the global scope.

Answer 1

the main problem is the closure variables.

if you don't have those it can be done like this:

import marshal
import multiprocessing
import types
from functools import partial


def main():
    def internal_func(c):
        return c*c

    with multiprocessing.Pool(5) as pool:
        print(internal_func_map(pool, internal_func, [i for i in range(10)]))


def internal_func_map(pool, f, gen):
    marshaled = marshal.dumps(f.__code__)
    return pool.map(partial(run_func, marshaled=marshaled), gen)


def run_func(*args, **kwargs):
    marshaled = kwargs.pop("marshaled")
    func = marshal.loads(marshaled)

    restored_f = types.FunctionType(func, globals())
    return restored_f(*args, **kwargs)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

the idea is that the function code has everything you need in order to run it in a new process. notice that no external dependencies are needed, just regular python libraries.

If closures are indeed needed, then the most difficult part about this solution is actually creating them. (in closure there is something called a "cell" which is not very easy to create by code...)

Here is the somewhat elaborate working code:

import marshal
import multiprocessing
import pickle
import types
from functools import partial


class A:
    def __init__(self, a):
        self.a = a


def main():
    x = A(1)

    def internal_func(c):
        return x.a + c

    with multiprocessing.Pool(5) as pool:
        print(internal_func_map(pool, internal_func, [i for i in range(10)]))


def internal_func_map(pool, f, gen):
    closure = f.__closure__
    marshaled_func = marshal.dumps(f.__code__)
    pickled_closure = pickle.dumps(tuple(x.cell_contents for x in closure))
    return pool.map(partial(run_func, marshaled_func=marshaled_func, pickled_closure=pickled_closure), gen)


def run_func(*args, **kwargs):
    marshaled_func = kwargs.pop("marshaled_func")
    func = marshal.loads(marshaled_func)
    pickled_closure = kwargs.pop("pickled_closure")
    closure = pickle.loads(pickled_closure)

    restored_f = types.FunctionType(func, globals(), closure=create_closure(func, closure))
    return restored_f(*args, **kwargs)


def create_closure(func, original_closure):
    indent = " " * 4
    closure_vars_def = f"\n{indent}".join(f"{name}=None" for name in func.co_freevars)
    closure_vars_ref = ",".join(func.co_freevars)
    dynamic_closure = "create_dynamic_closure"
    s = (f"""
def {dynamic_closure}():
    {closure_vars_def}
    def internal():
        {closure_vars_ref}
    return internal.__closure__
""")
    exec(s)
    created_closure = locals()[dynamic_closure]()
    for closure_var, value in zip(created_closure, original_closure):
        closure_var.cell_contents = value
    return created_closure


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Hope that helps or at least gives you some ideas on how to tackle this problem!

Answer 2

Original Answer

Disclaimer: This answer applies if you want to define functions locally for better code management, but are okay with their global scope

You can use global keyword before defining the function. It will solve the issue of pickling the function (because it is a global function now), meanwhile defining it in local scope.

import multiprocessing as mp

def main():
    global f
    def f(x):
        return x * x

    with mp.Pool(5) as p:
        print(p.map(f, [i for i in range(10)]))

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
    print(f(4)) #Inner function is available here as well.

Output:

[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
16

Adding another example of having multiple functions with same name, each subsequent function overrides the previous one.

import multiprocessing as mp

def main():
    global f
    def f(x):
        return x * x

    with mp.Pool(5) as p:
        print(p.map(f, [i for i in range(10)]))

def main2():
    global f
    def f(x):
        return x * x * x

    with mp.Pool(5) as p:
        print(p.map(f, [i for i in range(10)]))

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
    main2()
    print(f(4))

Output:

[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
[0, 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729]
64

Updated Answer

Revoke global status, after map is called. Thanks to @KCQs for hint in the comments.

To make sure global functions don't cause any issues for rest of the code, you may simply add del statement for the global function to revoke their global status.

import multiprocessing as mp

def main():
    global f
    def f(x):
        return x * x

    with mp.Pool(5) as p:
        print(p.map(f, [i for i in range(10)]))
    del f

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
    print(f(4)) #Inner function is not available.

Output:

[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<file>.py", line 25, in <module>
    print(f(4))
NameError: name 'f' is not defined

Although python automatically collects garbage, you may also invoke garbage collector manually .