如何用结构模式匹配表达 hasattr() 鸭子类型逻辑？

Question

I have code that checks for named tuples and dataclasses by looking for a _fields attribute:

if hasattr(candidate, '_fields'):
    do_action()

How can I express this with Python 3.10's match/case structural pattern matching?

Answer 1

Understanding the documentation

PEP 634 for structural pattern matching documents this capability as a class pattern :

• Writing cls() will do an isinstance() test.
• Adding a keyword pattern cls(attr=variable) tests for the presence of an attribute and binds the value to the variable.

To emulate a hasattr() for duck typing :

• Set cls to object so that any class can match.
• Set attr to _fields , the attribute that must be present.
• Set variable to _ if you don't need to capture the value or to some other variable name if you do want to capture the value.

This specific example

Your specific example, if hasattr(candidate, '_fields'): do_action() , translates to:

match candidate:
   case object(_fields=_):
       do_action()

Complete worked-out example

This shows how all the parts fit together:

from typing import NamedTuple
from dataclasses import dataclass

class Whale(NamedTuple):
    name: str
    num_fins: int

@dataclass
class Vehicle:
    name: str
    num_wheels: int

subject = Vehicle('bicycle', 2)
    
match subject:
    case object(num_fins=n):
        print(f'Found {n} fins')
    case object(num_wheels=_):
        print(f'Found wheeled object')
    case _:
        print('Unknown')

This script outputs:

Found wheeled object