python：使用类型提示动态检查类型

Question

python supports type hints:

https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html

I was wondering if these hints can also be used to dynamically enforce types during runtime.

For example:

class C:

    def __init__(self):
        self.a : int = 0

    def __str__(self):
        return str(self.a)

    @classmethod
    def get(cls,**kwargs):
        c = cls()
        for k,v  in kwargs.items():
            setattr(c,k,v) 
            # ValueError exception thrown here ?
        return c

attrs = {"a":"a"} # developer wanted an int !
c = C.get(**attrs)
print(c)

In short, I'd like to avoid to re-enter the type of the attribute "a" in the get function:

    @classmethod
    def get(cls,**kwargs):
        c = cls()
        for k,v  in kwargs.items():
            if k=="a" and not isinstance(v,int):
                raise ValueError()
            setattr(c,k,v) 
        return c

Would there be a way to "reuse" the information given in the constructor that "a" is expected to be an int ?

Note: answer to this question shows that at least for functions introspection on the arguments type hints can be accessed:

How to introspect on PEP 484 type hints?

Answer 1

I was wondering if these hints can also be used to dynamically enforce types during runtime.

In some cases and with external lib - the answer is yes. Read below.

If the actual use-case you have is simple like your C class I would go and use dataclass and a library like dacite. You will not be able to create c2 since you are not passing an int.
So dacite managed to "see" that a should be int and raised an exception

from dataclasses import dataclass
from dacite import from_dict
@dataclass
class C:
  a:int = 0

d1 = {'a':3}

c1: C = from_dict(C,d1)
print(c1)

d2 = {'a':'3'}

c2: C = from_dict(C,d2)

output

C(a=3)

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "main.py", line 14, in <module>
    c2: C = from_dict(C,d2)
  File "/opt/virtualenvs/python3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/dacite/core.py", line 68, in from_dict
    raise WrongTypeError(field_path=field.name, field_type=field.type, value=value)
dacite.exceptions.WrongTypeError: wrong value type for field "a" - should be "int" instead of value "3" of type "str"