如何为 function 类型定义 Monad？

Question

I am trying Cats for the first time and am using Scala 3, and I am trying to implement a set of parser combinators for self-pedagogy, however; I am stuck on the definition of the tailRecM function for Monad. I have managed Functor and Applicative just fine.

I have defined my type in question as a function such that:

type Parser[A] = (input: List[Token]) => ParseResult[A]

with corresponding return types as:

type ParseResult[A] = Success[A] | Failure 
case class Success[A](value: A, tokens: List[Token])
case class Failure(msg: String, tokens: List[Token])

My current definition of tailRecM is as follows:

@annotation.tailrec
def tailRecM[A, B](init: A)(fn: A => Parser[Either[A, B]]): Parser[B] =
  (input: List[Token]) => 
    fn(init)(input) match {
      case f: Failure => f
      case s: Success[Either[A, B]] => s.value match {
        case Right(b) => Success(b, s.tokens)
        case Left(a) => tailRecM(a)(fn) // won't compile 
      }
  }

If I attempt to build I get "Found: Parsing.Parser[B] Required: Parsing.ParseResult[B]" for tailRecM(a)(fn)

The issue as far as I can tell stems from the fact that my type in question Parser[A] is a function type and not simply a value type? I attempted to ameliorate the issue by modifying the tailRecM recursive call to tailRecM(a)(fn)(input) but then this is obviously not stack safe, and also will not compile.

How can I resolve this issue, and more broadly, how can I implement the Monad typeclass for function types in general?

Answer 1

It's not possible to make tailRecM itself tail-recursive; you need to define a tail-recursive helper method

Here's how the cats library implements tailRecM for Function1

  def tailRecM[A, B](a: A)(fn: A => T1 => Either[A, B]): T1 => B =
    (t: T1) => {
      @tailrec
      def step(thisA: A): B =
        fn(thisA)(t) match {
          case Right(b)    => b
          case Left(nextA) => step(nextA)
        }
      step(a)
    }

This is because monadic recursion is a form of mutual tail-recursion, where two methods flip back and forth calling each other. The scala compiler can't optimize that. So instead we inline the definition of the monadic part rather than calling flatMap or another method

Answer 2

You need to pass the input again to the tailRecM call

tailRecM(a)(fn)(input)

because tailRecM(a)(fn) returns a Parser , but you need the ParserResult from that returned Parser , as you already did in all other cases.