我如何将Haskell类型类转换为F＃？

Question

I'm trying to translate the Haskell core library's Arrows into F# (I think it's a good exercise to understanding Arrows and F# better, and I might be able to use them in a project I'm working on.) However, a direct translation isn't possible due to the difference in paradigms. Haskell uses type-classes to express this stuff, but I'm not sure what F# constructs best map the functionality of type-classes with the idioms of F#. I have a few thoughts, but figured it best to bring it up here and see what was considered to be the closest in functionality.

For the tl;dr crowd: How do I translate type-classes (a Haskell idiom) into F# idiomatic code?

For those accepting of my long explanation:

This code from the Haskell standard lib is an example of what I'm trying to translate:

class Category cat where
    id :: cat a a
    comp :: cat a b -> cat b c -> cat a c
class Category a => Arrow a where
    arr :: (b -> c) -> a b c
    first :: a b c -> a (b,d) (c,d)

instance Category (->) where
    id f = f
instance Arrow (->) where
    arr f = f
    first f = f *** id

Attempt 1: Modules, Simple Types, Let Bindings

My first shot at this was to simply map things over directly using Modules for organization, like:

type Arrow<'a,'b> = Arrow of ('a -> 'b)

let arr f = Arrow f
let first f = //some code that does the first op

That works, but it loses out on polymorphism, since I don't implement Categories and can't easily implement more specialized Arrows.

Attempt 1a: Refining using Signatures and types

One way to correct some issues with Attempt 1 is to use a .fsi file to define the methods (so the types enforce easier) and to use some simple type tweaks to specialize.

type ListArrow<'a,'b> = Arrow<['a],['b]>
//or
type ListArrow<'a,'b> = LA of Arrow<['a],['b]>

But the fsi file can't be reused (to enforce the types of the let bound functions) for other implementations, and the type renaming/encapsulating stuff is tricky.

Attempt 2: Object models and interfaces

Rationalizing that F# is built to be OO also, maybe a type hierarchy is the right way to do this.

type IArrow<'a,'b> =
    abstract member comp : IArrow<'b,'c> -> IArrow<'a,'c>
type Arrow<'a,'b>(func:'a->'b) = 
    interface IArrow<'a,'b> with
        member this.comp = //fun code involving "Arrow (fun x-> workOn x) :> IArrow"

Aside from how much of a pain it can be to get what should be static methods (like comp and other operators) to act like instance methods, there's also the need to explicitly upcast the results. I'm also not sure that this methodology is still capturing the full expressiveness of type-class polymorphism. It also makes it hard to use things that MUST be static methods.

Attempt 2a: Refining using type extensions

So one more potential refinement is to declare the interfaces as bare as possible, then use extension methods to add functionality to all implementing types.

type IArrow<'a,'b> with
    static member (&&&) f = //code to do the fanout operation

Ah, but this locks me into using one method for all types of IArrow. If I wanted a slightly different (&&&) for ListArrows, what can I do? I haven't tried this method yet, but I would guess I can shadow the (&&&), or at least provide a more specialized version, but I feel like I can't enforce the use of the correct variant.

Help me

So what am I supposed to do here? I feel like OO should be powerful enough to replace type-classes, but I can't seem to figure out how to make that happen in F#. Were any of my attempts close? Are any of them "as good as it gets" and that'll have to be good enough?

Answer 1

My brief answer is:

OO is not powerful enough to replace type classes.

The most straightforward translation is to pass a dictionary of operations, as in one typical typeclass implementation. That is if typeclass Foo defines three methods, then define a class/record type named Foo , and then change functions of

Foo a => yadda -> yadda -> yadda

to functions like

Foo -> yadda -> yadda -> yadda

and at each call site you know the concrete 'instance' to pass based on the type at the call-site.

Here's a short example of what I mean:

// typeclass
type Showable<'a> = { show : 'a -> unit; showPretty : 'a -> unit } //'

// instances
let IntShowable = 
    { show = printfn "%d"; showPretty = (fun i -> printfn "pretty %d" i) }
let StringShowable = 
    { show = printfn "%s"; showPretty = (fun s -> printfn "<<%s>>" s) }

// function using typeclass constraint
// Showable a => [a] -> ()
let ShowAllPretty (s:Showable<'a>) l = //'
    l |> List.iter s.showPretty 

// callsites
ShowAllPretty IntShowable [1;2;3]
ShowAllPretty StringShowable ["foo";"bar"]

See also

https://web.archive.org/web/20081017141728/http://blog.matthewdoig.com/?p=112

Answer 2

Here's the approach I use to simulate Typeclasses (from http://code.google.com/p/fsharp-typeclasses/ ).

In your case, for Arrows could be something like this:

let inline i2 (a:^a,b:^b     ) =                                                      
    ((^a or ^b      ) : (static member instance: ^a* ^b     -> _) (a,b  ))
let inline i3 (a:^a,b:^b,c:^c) =                                                          
    ((^a or ^b or ^c) : (static member instance: ^a* ^b* ^c -> _) (a,b,c))

type T = T with
    static member inline instance (a:'a      ) = 
        fun x -> i2(a   , Unchecked.defaultof<'r>) x :'r
    static member inline instance (a:'a, b:'b) = 
        fun x -> i3(a, b, Unchecked.defaultof<'r>) x :'r


type Return = Return with
    static member instance (_Monad:Return, _:option<'a>) = fun x -> Some x
    static member instance (_Monad:Return, _:list<'a>  ) = fun x  ->    [x]
    static member instance (_Monad:Return, _: 'r -> 'a ) = fun x _ ->    x
let inline return' x = T.instance Return x

type Bind = Bind with
    static member instance (_Monad:Bind, x:option<_>, _:option<'b>) = fun f -> 
        Option.bind  f x
    static member instance (_Monad:Bind, x:list<_>  , _:list<'b>  ) = fun f -> 
        List.collect f x
    static member instance (_Monad:Bind, f:'r->'a, _:'r->'b) = fun k r -> k (f r) r
let inline (>>=) x (f:_->'R) : 'R = T.instance (Bind, x) f
let inline (>=>) f g x    = f x >>= g

type Kleisli<'a, 'm> = Kleisli of ('a -> 'm)
let runKleisli (Kleisli f) = f

type Id = Id with
    static member        instance (_Category:Id, _: 'r -> 'r     ) = fun () -> id
    static member inline instance (_Category:Id, _:Kleisli<'a,'b>) = fun () ->
        Kleisli return'
let inline id'() = T.instance Id ()

type Comp = Comp with
    static member        instance (_Category:Comp,         f, _) = (<<) f
    static member inline instance (_Category:Comp, Kleisli f, _) =
        fun (Kleisli g) -> Kleisli (g >=> f)

let inline (<<<) f g = T.instance (Comp, f) g
let inline (>>>) g f = T.instance (Comp, f) g

type Arr = Arr with
    static member        instance (_Arrow:Arr, _: _ -> _) = fun (f:_->_) -> f
    static member inline instance (_Arrow:Arr, _:Kleisli<_,_>) = 
        fun f -> Kleisli (return' <<< f)
let inline arr f = T.instance Arr f

type First = First with
    static member        instance (_Arrow:First, f, _: 'a -> 'b) = 
        fun () (x,y) -> (f x, y)
    static member inline instance (_Arrow:First, Kleisli f, _:Kleisli<_,_>) =
        fun () -> Kleisli (fun (b,d) -> f b >>= fun c -> return' (c,d))
let inline first f = T.instance (First, f) ()

let inline second f = let swap (x,y) = (y,x) in arr swap >>> first f >>> arr swap
let inline ( *** ) f g = first f >>> second g
let inline ( &&& ) f g = arr (fun b -> (b,b)) >>> f *** g

Usage:

> let f = Kleisli (fun y -> [y;y*2;y*3]) <<< Kleisli ( fun x -> [ x + 3 ; x * 2 ] ) ;;
val f : Kleisli<int,int list> = Kleisli <fun:f@4-14>

> runKleisli f <| 5 ;;
val it : int list = [8; 16; 24; 10; 20; 30]

> (arr (fun y -> [y;y*2;y*3])) 3 ;;
val it : int list = [3; 6; 9]

> let (x:option<_>) = runKleisli (arr (fun y -> [y;y*2;y*3])) 2 ;;
val x : int list option = Some [2; 4; 6]

> ( (*) 100) *** ((+) 9)   <| (5,10) ;;
val it : int * int = (500, 19)

> ( (*) 100) &&& ((+) 9)   <| 5 ;;
val it : int * int = (500, 14)

> let x:List<_>  = (runKleisli (id'())) 5 ;;
val x : List<int> = [5]

Note: use id'() instead of id

Update: you need F# 3.0 to compile this code, otherwise here's the F# 2.0 version .

And here's a detailed explanation of this technique which is type-safe, extensible and as you can see works even with some Higher Kind Typeclasses.