小 Haskell 程序用 GHC 编译成巨大的二进制文件

Question

Even trivially small Haskell programs turn into gigantic executables.

I've written a small program, that was compiled (with GHC) to the binary with the size extending 7 MB!

What can cause even a small Haskell program to be compiled to the huge binary?

What, if anything, can I do to reduce this?

Answer 1

Let's see what's going on, try

  $ du -hs A
  13M   A

  $ file A
  A: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), 
     dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.27, not stripped

  $ ldd A
    linux-vdso.so.1 =>  (0x00007fff1b9ff000)
    libXrandr.so.2 => /usr/lib/libXrandr.so.2 (0x00007fb21f418000)
    libX11.so.6 => /usr/lib/libX11.so.6 (0x00007fb21f0d9000)
    libGLU.so.1 => /usr/lib/libGLU.so.1 (0x00007fb21ee6d000)
    libGL.so.1 => /usr/lib/libGL.so.1 (0x00007fb21ebf4000)
    libgmp.so.10 => /usr/lib/libgmp.so.10 (0x00007fb21e988000)
    libm.so.6 => /lib/libm.so.6 (0x00007fb21e706000)
    ...      

You see from the ldd output that GHC has produced a dynamically linked executable, but only the C libraries are dynamically linked . All the Haskell libraries are copied in verbatim.

Aside: since this is a graphics-intensive app, I'd definitely compile with ghc -O2

There's two things you can do.

Stripping symbols

An easy solution: strip the binary:

$ strip A
$ du -hs A
5.8M    A

Strip discards symbols from the object file. They are generally only needed for debugging.

Dynamically linked Haskell libraries

More recently, GHC has gained support for dynamic linking of both C and Haskell libraries . Most distros now distribute a version of GHC built to support dynamic linking of Haskell libraries. Shared Haskell libraries may be shared amongst many Haskell programs, without copying them into the executable each time.

At the time of writing Linux and Windows are supported.

To allow the Haskell libraries to be dynamically linked, you need to compile them with -dynamic , like so:

 $ ghc -O2 --make -dynamic A.hs

Also, any libraries you want to be shared should be built with --enabled-shared :

 $ cabal install opengl --enable-shared --reinstall     
 $ cabal install glfw   --enable-shared --reinstall

And you'll end up with a much smaller executable, that has both C and Haskell dependencies dynamically resolved.

$ ghc -O2 -dynamic A.hs                         
[1 of 4] Compiling S3DM.V3          ( S3DM/V3.hs, S3DM/V3.o )
[2 of 4] Compiling S3DM.M3          ( S3DM/M3.hs, S3DM/M3.o )
[3 of 4] Compiling S3DM.X4          ( S3DM/X4.hs, S3DM/X4.o )
[4 of 4] Compiling Main             ( A.hs, A.o )
Linking A...

And, voilà!

$ du -hs A
124K    A

which you can strip to make even smaller:

$ strip A
$ du -hs A
84K A

An eensy weensy executable, built up from many dynamically linked C and Haskell pieces:

$ ldd A
    libHSOpenGL-2.4.0.1-ghc7.0.3.so => ...
    libHSTensor-1.0.0.1-ghc7.0.3.so => ...
    libHSStateVar-1.0.0.0-ghc7.0.3.so =>...
    libHSObjectName-1.0.0.0-ghc7.0.3.so => ...
    libHSGLURaw-1.1.0.0-ghc7.0.3.so => ...
    libHSOpenGLRaw-1.1.0.1-ghc7.0.3.so => ...
    libHSbase-4.3.1.0-ghc7.0.3.so => ...
    libHSinteger-gmp-0.2.0.3-ghc7.0.3.so => ...
    libHSghc-prim-0.2.0.0-ghc7.0.3.so => ...
    libHSrts-ghc7.0.3.so => ...
    libm.so.6 => /lib/libm.so.6 (0x00007ffa4ffd6000)
    librt.so.1 => /lib/librt.so.1 (0x00007ffa4fdce000)
    libdl.so.2 => /lib/libdl.so.2 (0x00007ffa4fbca000)
    libHSffi-ghc7.0.3.so => ...

---

One final point: even on systems with static linking only, you can use -split-objs , to get one.o file per top level function, which can further reduce the size of statically linked libraries. It needs GHC to be built with -split-objs on, which some systems forget to do.

Answer 2

Haskell uses static linking by default. This is, the whole bindings to OpenGL are copied into your program. As they are quite big, your program gets unnecessarily inflated. You can work around this by using dynamic linking, although it isn't enabled by default.