[英]friend of specialized template class (C++)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template <typename T>
class test
{
T y;
public:
test(T k) : y(k) {}
friend int a(T& x);
};
template <typename T>
int a(T& x)
{
cout << x.y;
return 9;
}
template <>
class test<int>
{
int y;
public:
test(int k) : y(k) {}
friend int a(int& x);
};
template <>
int a<int>(int& x)
{
cout << "4";
return 0;
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
test<int> z(3);
a(z);
return 0;
}
I want to make a friend class of test class (in a real case, it was a operator<< of ofstream). 我想创建一个测试类的朋友类(在实际情况下,它是ofstream的运算符<<)。 But I have no idea how to define template friend function of specialized class.
但我不知道如何定义专门类的模板友好函数。
Besides, the code above shows this compile error message; 此外,上面的代码显示了此编译错误消息;
error C2248: 'test::y' : cannot access private member declared in class 'test'
错误C2248:'test :: y':无法访问类'test'中声明的私有成员
Question added; 问题补充;
Aaron McDaid works fine for me, but I was trying to overload operator<< of ofstream class. Aaron McDaid对我来说很好,但我试图重载运算符<< ofstream class。
friend ofstream& operator<< <test<int>> (ofstream& os, const test<int>& t);
I added code above to test class and 我在上面添加了代码来测试类和
template<>
ofstream& operator<< <test<int> > (ofstream& os, const test<int>& t)
{
os << t.y;
return os;
}
used code above. 使用上面的代码。 But it looks like I cannot use os << ty (which is int ) I don't understand why this happens.
但看起来我不能使用os << ty(这是int )我不明白为什么会发生这种情况。 The error message is
错误消息是
error C2027: use of undefined type 'std::basic_ofstream<_Elem,_Traits>'
错误C2027:使用未定义类型'std :: basic_ofstream <_Elem,_Traits>'
This friend isn't a template, but an ordinary function: 这位朋友不是模板,而是普通的功能:
friend int a(T& x);
To have a template that is also a friend, try: 要拥有也是朋友的模板,请尝试:
template<class U>
friend int a(U& x);
After the discussions in the comments, perhaps I should show that I intended these declarations for the test
class and its specialization: 在评论中讨论之后,或许我应该表明我打算为
test
类及其专业化做出这些声明:
template <typename T>
class test
{
T y;
public:
test(T k) : y(k) {}
template<class U>
friend int a(U& x);
};
template <>
class test<int>
{
int y;
public:
test(int k) : y(k) {}
template<class U>
friend int a(U& x);
};
A slight disadvantage is that this makes all the a
functions friends of all the test
classes, but that is often not a big problem. 轻微的缺点是,这使得所有的
a
所有功能的朋友test
类,但是这往往不是一个大问题。
( Update : Here's a fully tested version on http://ideone.com/3KGU4 . For the Additional question , see http://ideone.com/w0dLo ) ( 更新 :这是http://ideone.com/3KGU4上经过全面测试的版本。有关其他问题 ,请参阅http://ideone.com/w0dLo )
There is a difference between ordinary overloaded functions and template functions. 普通重载函数和模板函数之间存在差异。 For example, without any reference to templates a developer can declare:
例如,在没有任何模板引用的情况下,开发人员可以声明:
void f(int x);
void f(char *x);
Alternatively, a developer could use templates, 或者,开发人员可以使用模板,
template <class T> void f(T x);
A major difference between them is that with ordinary functions, you must decide on a fixed set of allowed parameters in advance, and you must provide an implementation for each one. 它们之间的主要区别在于,对于普通函数,您必须事先确定一组固定的允许参数,并且必须为每个参数提供一个实现。 With templates, you can be more flexible.
使用模板,您可以更灵活。
Later in your program, it is clear that you want a
to be a template function, not simply an (overloaded) ordinary function. 在程序的后面,很显然,你想
a
是一个模板函数,而不是简单的(重载)普通函数。 But when the compiler first sees mention of a
(around line 10), it looks like it is declaring an ordinary function. 但是当编译器第一次看到提及
a
(第10行)时,它看起来像是在声明一个普通的函数。 To resolve this, you must take two steps. 要解决此问题,您必须采取两个步骤。 You must declare as soon as possible that
a
is a template function, so your first line should be: 您必须尽快声明
a
是模板函数,因此您的第一行应该是:
template <typename T> int a(T& x);
Then you must declare the relevant friendship. 那你必须宣布相关的友谊。 If
T
is int
, then a
takes a parameter of test<int>&
, not int&
. 如果
T
是int
,那么a
接受test<int>&
的参数,而不是int&
。 Therefore the two friend lines should be replaced with: 因此,应将两条朋友行替换为:
friend int a<test<T> >( test<T> & x); // around line 10
friend int a<test<int> >( test<int> & x); // around line 27
and the specialization of a
should be: 和专业化
a
应该是:
template <>
int a< test<int> >(test<int>& ) // around line 30
The Additional Question 附加问题
Use ostream
instead of ofstream
(or else include #include <fstream>
if you will output only to files and not to cout
). 使用
ostream
而不是ofstream
(如果只输出文件而不输出cout
则使用#include <fstream>
)。 In my answer, operator <<
is not a template, but is a normal overloaded function. 在我的回答中,
operator <<
不是模板,而是正常的重载函数。 I'm not sure it's possible to have operator<<
as a template. 我不确定是否可以将
operator<<
作为模板。 Also, I defined the operator at the place where it is declared and declared as a friend. 此外,我在声明它并声明为朋友的地方定义了运算符。 To be honest, I think there are other, maybe better, ways but this worked for me.
说实话,我认为还有其他的,可能更好的方式,但这对我有用。
Try this, and it works 试试这个, 它的确有效
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template <typename T>
class test;
template <typename T>
int a( test<T>& x);
template <typename T>
class test
{
T y;
public:
test(T k) : y(k) {}
friend int a<T>( test<T>& x);
};
template <typename T>
int a( test<T>& x)
{
cout << x.y;
return 9;
}
template <>
class test<int>
{
int y;
public:
test(int k) : y(k) {}
friend int a<int>( test<int> & x);
};
template <>
int a< int >( test<int> & x)
{
cout << "4";
return 0;
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
test<int> z(3);
a(z);
return 0;
}
The problem is, template function a
takes a parameter of test
template class. 问题是,模板函数
a
采用test
模板类的参数。 If you want both of them to have the same template argument then , IMO you need to explicitly state that 如果你想让它们都具有相同的模板参数,那么你需要明确说明IMO
template <typename T>
int a( test<T>& x);
Also specialization of function a
for int
( template<> int a(int& x)
) isn't useful here. 函数
a
for int
( template<> int a(int& x)
)的特殊化在这里也没用。 You need to have 你需要拥有
template <> int a<int>( test<int> & x)
声明:本站的技术帖子网页,遵循CC BY-SA 4.0协议,如果您需要转载,请注明本站网址或者原文地址。任何问题请咨询:yoyou2525@163.com.