如何使用带有通配符的集合和泛型？

Question

First I will try to explain the idea behind this code. I have a bunch of classes (Processors) that can process a certain type of other classes (Processables). I have a List of Processors to execute them in a certain order. I have a Map that will retrieve me the data to process (Processables) for a certain Processor. It looks somehow like this.

public abstract class AbstractProcessable {
    ...
}

public class DummyProcessable extends AbstractProcessable {
   ...
}

public abstract class AbstractProcessor<T extends AbstractProcessable> {
    public abstract void process(List<T> listOfProcessables);
}

public class DummyProcessor extends AbstractProcessor<DummyProcessable> {

    @Override
    public void process(List<DummyProcessable> listToProcess) {
        ...
    }
}

This seems to work fine so far. There are no compilation errors. But now I have a class like the following:

public class RandomClass {

    private List<AbstractProcessor<? extends AbstractProcessable>> processors;

    private Map<Class<? extends AbstractProcessor>, List<? extends AbstractProcessable>> data;

    public RandomClass() {
        processors = new ArrayList<>();
        processors.add(new DummyProcessor());

        data = new HashMap<>();
        data.put(DummyProcessor.class, new ArrayList<DummyProcessable>());

        processAll();
    }

    private void processAll() {
        for (AbstractProcessor<? extends AbstractProcessable> processor : processors) {
            List<? extends AbstractProcessable> dataToProcess;
            dataToProcess = data.get(processor);
            processor.process(dataToProcess); // compile error
        }
    }
}

Compile error:

    The method process(List<capture#4-of ? extends AbstractProcessable>) in the type AbstractProcessor<capture#4-of ? extends AbstractProcessable> is not applicable for the arguments (List<capture#5-of ? extends AbstractProcessable>)

I know it might be a bit difficult to read, but I tried to simplify it as much as possible. I'm also not that good with generics so maybe I used some wildcards wrong? Can anyone help me to solve that problem?

Thanks a lot in advance!

Answer 1

If I understand your question correctly, I asked a similar one some time ago. Short answer is that you can't use such a map in the way you intend to. The good news is that you don't need it ;)

The problem is that Java generics are a compile-time thing (as you may already know), and they solely exist at compile time, which is not when you actually fill your List . You cannot find a way to express your idea in Java, even if it seems a perfectly legitimate one.

You may find Super Type Tokens useful to extract parameters in certain cases and avoid the user to supply an explicit parameter if it's suitable (however mind the limitations and consider if they can really add some value).

In short, you'll end up with a field like

private Map<Class<?>, List<?>> data;

(or you can use Guava's Multimap implementation for this), using some casts and shouting some warnings out, and relying on your program logic for the client code to be type safe. I used that approach in my code and it never failed so far.

This is my code. I think it's exactly your case, just replace Subscriber<T> and Message with your Processor<T> and Processable

public class MessageBus {

    public enum Action {
        CREATE, REMOVE, UPDATE, DELETE;
    }

    private static Map<Class<?>, Set<Subscriber<?>>> subscriptions;

    static {
        subscriptions = new HashMap<Class<?>, Set<Subscriber<?>>>();
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public static <T> void publish(T message, Action action) {
        Set<Subscriber<?>> set = getSubscribersFor(message.getClass());

        if (set == null)
            return;

        for (Subscriber<?> subscriber: set) {
            ((Subscriber<T>) subscriber).onMessage(message, action);
        }
    }

    public static <T> void subscribe(Class<T> type, Subscriber<T> subscriber) {
        Set<Subscriber<?>> set = getSubscribersFor(type);

        if (set == null) {
            set = new HashSet<Subscriber<?>>();
            subscriptions.put(type, set);
        }

        set.add(subscriber);
    }

    public static <T> void unsuscribe(Class<T> type, Subscriber<T> subscriber) {
        Set<Subscriber<?>> set = getSubscribersFor(type);
        set.remove(subscriber);
    }

    private static Set<Subscriber<?>> getSubscribersFor(Class<?> topic) {
        return subscriptions.get(topic);
    }
}

Answer 2

I suspect that the issue here is that:

1. ? extends AbstractProcessable ? extends AbstractProcessable from private List<AbstractProcessor<? extends AbstractProcessable>> processors; private List<AbstractProcessor<? extends AbstractProcessable>> processors; and
2. ? extends AbstractProcessable ? extends AbstractProcessable from List<? extends AbstractProcessable> dataToProcess; List<? extends AbstractProcessable> dataToProcess;

are not of the same type. ? extends AbstractProcessable ? extends AbstractProcessable represents an unknown subclass of AbstractProcessable , nothing forces that the two unknown should be the same (that is why you get the error, since the unknown: capture#4-of ? is different then the unknown: capture#5-of ? ). Not sure about the purpose of your RandomClass but I would change it to be of a <T extends AbstractProcessable> and use T to define the list and the map. This way the list and the map will have the same type.

Answer 3

to me it sounds like you imported 2 different List classes in these. Check import section and make sure

import java.util.List

is in both (or whatever List type you need)

Just as the first guess, without checking your code in detail :)