为什么我不能转发声明typedef？

Question

namespace O
{
    class A{};


    class A;   // ok
    typedef A K; // ok

    struct A;  // ok(C++11): A is a class but for references and pointer it have the same meaning
    class K;   // (1) error: K is a typedef (of a class...)
}

namespace U
{
    typedef O::A A;


    class A;      // (2) error: A is a typedef (of  a class...)
}

What is the reason(s) standard C++ don't allow these cases (1 & 2) to compile?

Answer 1

You are confused or your example doesn't show what you're asking about. In your example code you are not trying to "forward declare a typedef" (such as thing isn't possible or useful, see below) you are trying to redeclare an existing typedef-name (ie an alias for one type) as a completely different type.

You've already said K is a typedef for A , then you say it's a class K . Make your mind up. It's can't be both class A and class K . Both (1) and (2) fail for that same reason.

Going through these lines of the example:

class A;   // ok
typedef A K; // ok

Right so far.

struct A;  // ok(C++11): A is a class but for references and pointer it have the same meaning

I don't know why you've said "C++11" here, this is OK in C++03 too. Classes and structs are the same kind of thing in C++. They are both "object types" and both "class types". For a forward declaration the class-key (ie struct or class ) is interchangeable.

class K;   // (1) error: K is a typedef (of a class...)

K has been declared as a typedef for class A , the name can't be reused for declaring a new type in the same scope.

[Aside: C does allow the following, because struct names and typedef names are in separate namespaces:

struct A { };
typedef struct A K;  // N.B. need "struct A" not just "A"
struct K { }; 

But now there are two different types called struct K and K , which are unrelated. Doing this would be confusing and pretty dumb.]

But from your comments maybe that's not what you're actually trying to do anyway.

Based on your comments maybe your broken examples are misleading and what you really want to do is:

typedef class A K;   // forward declare A as class and declare K as typedef for it

This declares a typedef, for a type which is not defined yet.

It would be useless to forward-declare a typedef, you couldn't do anything with it because you wouldn't know what kind of type it was a typedef for , and there is very little you can do in C++ without knowing something about a type. Without knowing if it's an object type, reference type or function type all you can realistically do is declare another typedef for it!

Consider:

typedef K;   // declares K to be a typedef

K* f();      // function returning pointer to K
void g(K*);  // function taking pointer to K

I think you're saying you want that to be valid, so do you expect this to work?

K* k = f();
g(k);

That should work, right? You don't need to know the type of K because you only pass around pointers to it, right? Wrong. What if you later define K like this:

typedef int& K;

Now f has the signature int&* f() which is invalid. You have to know what a typedef is a typedef for , so its declaration has to say what it is not just forward-declare it as a name.

Answer 2

Let me just tackle the first error:

1. You create class A: at this point, the name 'A' is assigned to that class; no other entities in this scope can be called 'A'.
2. Then you typedef so that K now refers to A, so no other entities in this scope can be called 'K'.
3. Then you try to forward declare K. Forward declaration on its own is fine, but the name K is already taken by your typedef. It has little to do with A at this point. You wouldn't be able to forward declare A either, both names are already taken by your previous uses.

What are you trying to do anyways?

Answer 3

I can not found this thing in C++2003 standard. But C compiler doesn't allow such thing because typedef construction define new type, and then you try to define new type one more time via class A .

In principle usage of "forward declaration class" was allowed for two use cases:

1. typedef-names
2. pointer to the structure

This both operations doesn't need info about sizeof type and it's memory layout. Also in list above there is no "references" because there is no reference s in C language.

See also: (Samuel P. Harbison, Guy L.Steele] CA Reference, page 151.