Why TRUE == “TRUE” is TRUE in R?

Question

1. Why TRUE == "TRUE" is TRUE in R?
2. Is there any equivalent for === in R?

Update:

These are all returning FALSE :

TRUE == "True"
TRUE == "true"
TRUE == "T"

The only TRUE value is TRUE == "TRUE" .

In case of checking with identical() everything works fine.

Second Update:

By === operator I meant the process of checking the Value and the Data Type of a variable . In this case I assumed that the == operator will only compare the Values of variables, not their Data Type as well.

Answer 1

According to the help file ?`==` :

If the two arguments are atomic vectors of different types, one is coerced to the type of the other, the (decreasing) order of precedence being character, complex, numeric, integer, logical and raw.

So TRUE is coerced to "TRUE" (ie as.character(TRUE) ), hence the equality.

The equivalent of an operator === in some other language (ie are the two objects equal and of the same type) would be function identical :

identical(TRUE, "TRUE")
[1] FALSE

Answer 2

TRUE and FALSE are reserved words in R. I don't think eznme was correct (before his edit) when he said any non-zero value was TRUE, since TRUE == "A" evaluates to FALSE. (That would have been correct in explaining why TRUE == 1 evaluates to TRUE, but it would not explain the result for TRUE == 7

The explanation given by plannapus was taken out of the context of describing the behavior of as.logical . It is closer to the "truth", because it is the implicit coercion of TRUE to character by the == operator that creates this result. Although T and F are initially given the values of TRUE and FALSE, they can be reassigned to other values or types.

> TRUE == as.logical( c("TRUE", "T", "true", "True") )
[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE

>  TRUE == 7
[1] FALSE
> TRUE == as.logical(7)
[1] TRUE
>  TRUE == as.logical("A")
[1] NA

(I earlier incorrectly wrote that the coercion induced by TRUE == "TRUE" was to logical; it's actually via as.character(TRUE) returning "TRUE".)

Answer 3

In addition to

TRUE == "TRUE"

these are also true:

• TRUE==1
• TRUE==1.0
• TRUE==1.0000000000000001
• TRUE==0.99999999999999999 etc, in general also all values close enough to 1.0 to be IEEE754-rounded to it.

But what is more interesing is what if() checks: it checks non-false ; in fact this plots!:

if(4.0) plot(1) 

I think the only values that dont trigger if() are 0, F, FALSE and "FALSE" they seem defined as exactly 0.