Superscripting in ggplot2 using plotmath

Question

I'm trying to get a superscript for units of my y-axis using plotmath expressions referenced in several posts. I've looked through threads on using expression and also here , but it just isn't working for me. Here's what I have so far:

ggplot(data.frame, aes(Region, Zmar_sh)) + 
  geom_boxplot() + xlab("Region") +  
  ylab(expression(paste("eelgrass shoot density", " (shoots/", expression(m[2])))) +
  ggtitle(expression(paste(italic("Zostera marina")," shoot density in X Bay", sep = " ")))

The ggtitle expression works, but I'm still not getting my y axis to read "eelgrass shoot density (shoots/m2)" with the "2" as superscript. What am I missing?

Answer 1

You don't need the second expression() . Also, m[2] gives a subscript. Use m^2 for a superscript.

Here's an example with the built-in mtcars data frame:

ggplot(mtcars, aes(wt, mpg)) +
  geom_point() +
  ylab(expression(paste("eelgrass shoot density", " (shoots/", m^2,")")))

In fact, you don't even need to use paste . Instead you could do this:

ylab(expression(eelgrass~shoot~density~(shoots/m^2)))

where ~ is the "space" character. If you put actual spaces between the words (without using ~ ), you'll get an error. However, for readability, you can also do this:

ylab(expression(eelgrass ~ shoot ~ density ~ (shoots/m^2)))

which is equivalent to the code above, because the spaces are ignored as long as the ~ is there.

Any of the ylab expressions above will give the following plot: