C# abstract method with base class only implementation?

Question

Consider the following problem:

You have a class 'A' that serves as a base class for a lot of other similar classes, eg. a class called B.

The class A is useful in it self (and already used all over the place) and is hence not abstract.

The crux is that you now wish to enforce a new protocol requiring all classes inheriting from A (including A itself) to implement a method 'func()'. If a sub class forgets to implement func() there should be a compiler error.

class A {
  A func() { ret new A(...) }
}

class B : A {
  A func() { ret new B(...) }
}

class C : A {
  // Should give error : no func()
}

Is the problem clear? I can't make A::func() abstract since I want to be able to keep using A as a concrete class. I can't make it virtual since that would cause sub classes to fall back on the super class (and not give compiler errors).

The only thing that comes close to a solution is creating a new abstract class A* and have all custom types inherit from that and replace all current usages of A as a concrete class with a new class 'DefaultA' that inherits from A*. This seems messy. Please tell me there is some other way to do this?

Answer 1

如果子类型不覆盖特定方法，则根本无法保持A具体类型并强制编译器错误。

Answer 2

Well, as you say, you could create an intermediate abstract class X that inherits from A and require that derived classes inherit from X. X then declares a protected abstract method with the signature matching func and override the func from A to call that method. Here's an example:

class A {
    public virtual A func() { ... }
}

abstract class X : A {
    protected abstract A funcImpl();

    public override A func() { return funcImpl(); }
}

class B : X  { /* must now implement funcImpl() to avoid compiler error */ }

class C : X  { /* must now implement funcImpl() to avoid compiler error */ }

The main problem with this approach is requiring that all derived class now inherit from X rather than A. So you've just changed the enforcement problem from one kind to another.

A cleaner approach, in my opinion, is to refactor A into a base class ABase and have func be abstract there. Then seal A and require B and C to inherit from ABase rather than A :

class ABase {
    public abstract ABase func();    }

sealed class A : ABase {
    public override ABase func() { ... }
} 

class B : ABase { 
    // forced to override func()
    public override ABase func() { ... }
}

You would have to replace all uses of A with ABase - but there are some excellent refactoring tools in Visual Studio (and third party tools like ReSharper) that make this substantially less painful than it once was.

Answer 3

If that is what you need to do, then yes.

In my opinion though, you may wish to reconsider this requirement. I have often implemented similar frameworks, where forcing implementations in sub-classes was a clever trick. What I then found was that as a consumer of these frameworks I would duplicate code or default to some inane implementation (like the empty method). Neither of which is ideal, as they add clutter and noise, and reduce maintainability.

Additionally, if the application of this pattern is as a self-factory (ie your example has sub-classes returning instances of themselves), then you may wish to try something different, like a proper factory pattern. Er, and by "try" I mean leverage an Inversion of Control Container, like Castle Windsor, Ninject, Unity.

Answer 4

You cannot instantiate the A class if it is abstract. Thus,

new A();

and

abstract A func(); // within the A class definition

are contradictory.

If you steer away from abstract, and go virtual instead, you can get runtime (not compile-time) checking:

// In the A class definition.
protected virtual A func()
{
    if (GetType() != typeof(A))
        throw // ...
}

Answer 5

Basically, you are asking us to "Make this break, but don't make this break." Perhaps you see the inherent conflict.

This is one of the reasons why base classes should only be used as base classes, and not used as themselves.

Answer 6

This is perhaps even messier, but you might be able to force B, C, D etc. to implement an interface requiring func(). Then make sure they're always constructed via a factory method. So something vaguely like:

public class B: A, IFunc{
   private B(){}
   public static B Create(){ return new B(); }

}