[英]Modelling with Flask-SQLAlchemy and Python
我最近开始学习Flask,之前是C#开发人员。 很好的做法是,我想创建一个项目,但是这次是我以前已经做过的C#-Webform项目的副本。
这是Microsoft SQL中的数据库外观
我在ORM上遇到困难,并且已经阅读了一些指南和技巧。 但是,当我尝试创建项目时,似乎出现了一些错误。 这是该模型在Python中的样子
class User(db.Model):
__tablename__ = 'users'
userID = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
email = db.Column(db.String(64), unique=True)
firstName = db.Column(db.String(64))
lastName = db.Column(db.String(64))
address = db.Column(db.String(64))
zipcode = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('zipcodes.zipcode'))
roleID = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('roles.roleID'))
password = db.Column(db.String(64))
class Role(db.Model):
__tablename__ = 'roles'
roleID = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
roleName = db.Column(db.String(64), unique=True, index=True)
users = db.relationship('User', backref='role_role')
class Zipcode(db.Model):
__tablename__ = 'zipcodes'
zipcode = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False)
city = db.Column(db.String(64))
users = db.relationship('User', backref='zipcode_zipcode')
class Artistname(db.Model):
__tablename__ = 'artistnames'
artistID = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('users.userID'), primary_key=True, autoincrement=False)
artistname = db.Column(db.String(64), unique=True)
a_users = db.relationship('User', backref='artistname')
class Act(db.Model):
__tablename__ = 'acts'
actID = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
title = db.Column(db.String(64), unique=True)
artistID = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('artistnames.artistID'))
description = db.Column(db.Text)
duration = db.Column(db.Integer)
imageURL = db.Column(db.String(64))
a_artistnames = db.relationship('Artistname', backref='act')
class Performance(db.Model):
__tablename__ = 'performances'
performanceID = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
actID = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('acts.actID'))
date = db.Column(db.Date)
stageID = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('stages.stageID'))
class Stage(db.Model):
__tablename__ ='stages'
stageID = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
stageName = db.Column(db.String(64))
我不知道您是否需要一些数据库描述,但是如果您需要它,它就在这里。
城市具有城市名称和相应邮政编码的表格。
角色具有用户的角色名称和相应的角色ID的表。
用户包含用户所有数据的表
Artistname如果用户具有角色(artistuser),则我使用此表,因此该用户需要用户名。 如果需要引用,则连接为ArtistID = UserID的位置, 请参见T-SQL,了解其在MS DB中的外观
行为一个表,其中显示了来自Artistname,ArtistID = ArtistID的连接的行为,以查看谁做出了行为
表演一张表,显示动作何时滚动,例如,动作1是星期一和星期五的现场直播。
舞台一张显示表演在哪里演出的表格。
好吧,当我运行这段代码时(我设法插入了两个表Role和Zipcode)。 但是,当我尝试插入第三张表时,-用户我遇到了错误。 我如何插入
# Role
r1 = Role(roleName='Role 1')
r2 = Role(roleName='Role 2')
r3 = Role(roleName='Role 3')
db.session.add_all([r1, r2, r3])
# Zipcode
zip1 = Zipcode(zipcode=1, city='zip 1')
zip2 = Zipcode(zipcode=2, city='zip 2')
zip3 = Zipcode(zipcode=3, city='zip 3')
db.session.add_all([zip1, zip2, zip3])
# User
u1 = User(
email='a@a.dk',
firstName='John',
lastName='Doe',
address='test street 1',
zipcode=zip2,
roleID=r1,
password='john')
u2 = User(
email='b@b.dk',
firstName='Jane',
lastName='Doe',
address='test street 1',
zipcode=zip1,
roleID=r2,
password='jane')
u3 = User(
email='c@c.dk',
firstName='Jack',
lastName='Doe',
address='test street 1',
zipcode=zip3,
roleID=r3,
password='jack')
db.session.add_all([u1, u2, u3])
# commit db
db.session.commit()
和我得到的错误
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<console>", line 1, in <module>
File "C:\var\test\las_vegas\__program\test.py", line 52, in t
db.session.commit()
File "C:\var\test\las_vegas\lib\site-packages\sqlalchemy\orm\scoping.py", line
149, in do
return getattr(self.registry(), name)(*args, **kwargs)
File "C:\var\test\las_vegas\lib\site-packages\sqlalchemy\orm\session.py", line
768, in commit
self.transaction.commit()
File "C:\var\test\las_vegas\lib\site-packages\sqlalchemy\orm\session.py", line
370, in commit
self._prepare_impl()
File "C:\var\test\las_vegas\lib\site-packages\sqlalchemy\orm\session.py", line
350, in _prepare_impl
self.session.flush()
File "C:\var\test\las_vegas\lib\site-packages\sqlalchemy\orm\session.py", line
1907, in flush
self._flush(objects)
File "C:\var\test\las_vegas\lib\site-packages\sqlalchemy\orm\session.py", line
2025, in _flush
transaction.rollback(_capture_exception=True)
File "C:\var\test\las_vegas\lib\site-packages\sqlalchemy\util\langhelpers.py",
line 57, in __exit__
compat.reraise(exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb)
File "C:\var\test\las_vegas\lib\site-packages\sqlalchemy\util\compat.py", line
172, in reraise
raise value
File "C:\var\test\las_vegas\lib\site-packages\sqlalchemy\orm\session.py", line
1989, in _flush
flush_context.execute()
File "C:\var\test\las_vegas\lib\site-packages\sqlalchemy\orm\unitofwork.py", l
ine 371, in execute
rec.execute(self)
File "C:\var\test\las_vegas\lib\site-packages\sqlalchemy\orm\unitofwork.py", l
ine 524, in execute
uow
File "C:\var\test\las_vegas\lib\site-packages\sqlalchemy\orm\persistence.py",
line 64, in save_obj
mapper, table, insert)
File "C:\var\test\las_vegas\lib\site-packages\sqlalchemy\orm\persistence.py",
line 600, in _emit_insert_statements
execute(statement, params)
File "C:\var\test\las_vegas\lib\site-packages\sqlalchemy\engine\base.py", line
727, in execute
return meth(self, multiparams, params)
File "C:\var\test\las_vegas\lib\site-packages\sqlalchemy\sql\elements.py", lin
e 322, in _execute_on_connection
return connection._execute_clauseelement(self, multiparams, params)
File "C:\var\test\las_vegas\lib\site-packages\sqlalchemy\engine\base.py", line
824, in _execute_clauseelement
compiled_sql, distilled_params
File "C:\var\test\las_vegas\lib\site-packages\sqlalchemy\engine\base.py", line
954, in _execute_context
context)
File "C:\var\test\las_vegas\lib\site-packages\sqlalchemy\engine\base.py", line
1119, in _handle_dbapi_exception
util.reraise(*exc_info)
File "C:\var\test\las_vegas\lib\site-packages\sqlalchemy\util\compat.py", line
172, in reraise
raise value
File "C:\var\test\las_vegas\lib\site-packages\sqlalchemy\engine\base.py", line
947, in _execute_context
context)
File "C:\var\test\las_vegas\lib\site-packages\sqlalchemy\engine\default.py", l
ine 435, in do_execute
cursor.execute(statement, parameters)
File "C:\var\test\las_vegas\lib\site-packages\pymysql\cursors.py", line 130, i
n execute
query = query % self._escape_args(args, conn)
File "C:\var\test\las_vegas\lib\site-packages\pymysql\cursors.py", line 96, in
_escape_args
return tuple(conn.escape(arg) for arg in args)
File "C:\var\test\las_vegas\lib\site-packages\pymysql\cursors.py", line 96, in
<genexpr>
return tuple(conn.escape(arg) for arg in args)
File "C:\var\test\las_vegas\lib\site-packages\pymysql\connections.py", line 69
0, in escape
return escape_item(obj, self.charset)
File "C:\var\test\las_vegas\lib\site-packages\pymysql\converters.py", line 24,
in escape_item
encoder = encoders[type(val)]
KeyError: <class 'manage.Zipcode'>
在MS中插入具有ArtistName的用户
ALTER PROCEDURE [dbo].[sp_INSERT_MAGICIAN]
@newArtistName nvarchar(50),
@newFirstName nvarchar(50),
@newLastName nvarchar(50),
@newEmail nvarchar(50),
@newPassword varchar(50),
@newAddress nvarchar(50),
@newZipcode int
AS
declare @inserr int
declare @maxerr int
set @maxerr = 0
BEGIN TRANSACTION
--add user
INSERT INTO [User]
([User].Firstname, [User].Lastname, [User].Email, [User].[Password], [User].[Address], [User].Zipcode, [User].[Role])
VALUES
(@newFirstName, @newLastName, @newEmail, @newPassword, @newAddress, @newZipcode, 3)
INSERT INTO [Artistname]
([Artistname].ArtistId, [Artistname].Artistname)
VALUES
(SCOPE_IDENTITY(), @newArtistName)
-- Save error number returned from Insert statement
SET @inserr = @@error
IF @inserr > @maxerr
SET @maxerr = @inserr
-- If an error occured, roll back
IF @maxerr <> 0
BEGIN
rollback transaction
print 'Transaction rolled back'
END
ELSE
BEGIN
COMMIT transaction
PRINT 'Transaction comimitted'
END
PRINT 'INSERT error number:' + cast(@inserr as nvarchar(8))
RETURN @maxerr
您需要先提交角色和邮政编码,然后才能在用户中使用它们。 在那之前,这些对象将没有整数ID。 您还必须将用户对象更改为类似
u1 = User(
email='a@a.dk',
firstName='John',
lastName='Doe',
address='test street 1',
zipcode=zip2.zipcode,
roleID=r1.roleID,
password='john')
邮政编码和角色字段应使用整数ID,而不是对象。
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