python，你不能使用8位字节串

Question

我正在将python中的SQL查询转换为pandas数据帧。 然后我使用pandas sql在两个pandas数据帧之间进行左外连接。 我的代码是：

import MySQLdb as mdb
from pandasql import sqldf
from collections import OrderedDict
from pandas import DataFrame
import pandas as pd

top_name_gender = [['Nicole','female'],['Jerson','male'],['Kim','female']]

gender = OrderedDict()
gender['first_name'] = []
gender['gender'] = []

for row in top_name_gender:
    gender['first_name'].append(row[0])
    gender['gender'].append(row[1])


gender_df = DataFrame(gender)

customer = OrderedDict()
customer['email'] = []
customer['first_name'] = []
customer['gender'] = []

query_customer = """SELECT 
                    email,
                    lower(substring_index(first_name,' ',1)) as first_name,
                    gender 
                    FROM bob_live.customer 
                    limit 10000000000"""

con = mdb.connect(host='db03.phlan', port=3306, user='crm', passwd='.....', db='bob_live')
cur = con.cursor()                  
cur.execute(query_customer)
for row in cur.fetchall():
        customer['email'].append(row[0])
        customer['first_name'].append(row[1])
        customer['gender'].append(row[2])

customer_df = DataFrame(customer)

query1 = """"
                    select customer_df.*, gender_df.*
                    from customer_df
                    left outter join gender_df
                    on customer_df.first_name = gender_df.first_name"""

joined = sqldf(query1,locals())
joined.text_factory = str

但我有以下错误：

sqlite3.ProgrammingError：除非使用可解释8位字节串的text_factory（如text_factory = str），否则不得使用8位字节串。 强烈建议您只需将应用程序切换为Unicode字符串

我试着补充一下

con.text_factory = str
cur.text_factory = str  

但它没有改变任何东西。

有什么建议吗？

Answer 1

事实证明我的问题在于我试图合并的数据框中的文本。 在调用read_csv时指定正确的编码就足够了：例如encoding='latin-1'