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如何在 c++ 中使用二进制文件输入/输出读取/写入结构的字符串类型成员?

[英]How to read/write string type member of a struct using binary file in/out in c++?

我有 2 c++ 代码:一个用于将数据写入二进制文件,另一个用于读取该文件。

write.cpp代码如下:

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
const int NAME_SIZE = 51;
struct Data
{
    char name[NAME_SIZE];
    int age;
};

int main()
{
    Data person;
    char again;

    fstream people("people.db", ios::out | ios::binary);

    do
    {
        cout << "Enter the following data about a "<< "person:\n";
        cout << "Name: ";
        cin.getline(person.name, NAME_SIZE);
        cout << "Age: ";
        cin >> person.age;
        cin.ignore();

        people.write(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&person),sizeof(person));

        cout << "Do you want to enter another record? ";
        cin >> again;
        cin.ignore();
    } while (again == 'Y' || again == 'y');
    people.close();



    return 0;
}

read.cpp代码如下:

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
const int NAME_SIZE = 51;
struct Data
{
    char name[NAME_SIZE];
    int age;
};

int main()
{
    Data person;
    char again;
    fstream people;

    people.open("people.db", ios::in | ios::binary);

    if (!people)
    {
        cout << "Error opening file. Program aborting.\n";
        return 0;
    }

    cout << "Here are the people in the file:\n\n";
    people.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&person),sizeof(person));

    while (!people.eof())
    {
        cout << "Name: ";
        cout << person.name << endl;
        cout << "Age: ";
        cout << person.age << endl;

        cout << "\nPress the Enter key to see the next record.\n";
        cin.get(again);
        people.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&person),sizeof(person));
    }
    cout << "That's all the data in the file!\n";
    people.close();
    return 0;
}

上面提到的代码工作正常。 当我在结构中使用字符串类型成员时出现问题:

新的write.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;

struct Data
{
    string name;
    int age;
};

int main()
{
    Data person;
    char again;

    fstream people("people.db", ios::out | ios::binary);

    do
    {
        cout << "Enter the following data about a "<< "person:\n";
        cout << "Name: ";
        cin>>person.name;
        cout << "Age: ";
        cin >> person.age;
        cin.ignore();

        people.write(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&person),sizeof(person));

        cout << "Do you want to enter another record? ";
        cin >> again;
        cin.ignore();
    } while (again == 'Y' || again == 'y');
    people.close();



    return 0;
}

新的read.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;

struct Data
{
    string name;
    int age;
};

int main()
{
    Data person;
    char again;
    fstream people;

    people.open("people.db", ios::in | ios::binary);

    if (!people)
    {
        cout << "Error opening file. Program aborting.\n";
        return 0;
    }

    cout << "Here are the people in the file:\n\n";
    people.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&person),sizeof(person));

    while (!people.eof())
    {
        cout << "Name: ";
        cout << person.name << endl;
        cout << "Age: ";
        cout << person.age << endl;

        cout << "\nPress the Enter key to see the next record.\n";
        cin.get(again);
        people.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&person),sizeof(person));
     }
     cout << "That's all the data in the file!\n";
     people.close();
    return 0;
}

现在,当我运行read.cpp时,程序无法读取字符串并且程序崩溃了。 我必须使用字符串作为结构的成员。 如何解决这个问题呢?

想到的唯一方法是分别写入以下数据:

  1. 字符串的长度。
  2. 字符串的字符数组。
  3. 年龄。

并分别阅读。

创建用于写入/读取Data实例的函数,以使它们知道彼此的实现策略。

std::ostream& write(std::ostream& out, Data const& data)
{
   size_t len = data.name.size();
   out.write(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&len), sizeof(len));
   out.write(data.name.c_str(), len);
   out.write(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&data.age));
   return out;
}

std::istream& read(std::istream& in, Data& data)
{
   size_t len;
   in.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&len), sizeof(len));

   char* name = new char[len+1];
   in.read(name, len);
   name[len] = '\0';
   data.name = name;
   delete [] name;

   in.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&data.age));
   return in;
}

并与您的第一种方法类似地使用它们。

而不是使用

people.write(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&person),sizeof(person));

采用

write(people, person);

而不是使用

people.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&person),sizeof(person));

采用

read(people, person);

一个问题是sizeof(person.Name)不能提供您认为的功能。 无论您分配给person.Name字符串是什么字符,它始终具有相同的大小(在我的情况下为28个字节)。 这是因为std :: string至少包含:

  • 指向实际字符串的指针
  • 其他数据结构以保存可用大小和使用的大小

因此,您无法调用people.write(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&person),sizeof(person)); 字符串的内容不位于&person (它位于std :: string中的指针所指向的位置)

因此,当执行cout << person.name << endl;时会发生什么? 从您的文件中读取后? 当您将人写到people.db时,您实际上已经读取了person.name的字符串指针指向的地址(而不是内容)。 再次从文件中读取后,这当然不是有效的内存位置。

以下代码片段可能对您的情况有所帮助。 可以使用定界符和预定义的字符串长度来代替写入字符串的长度。

constexpr char delimiter = '\0';
constexpr uint32_t maxStringSize = 1024;

struct Data
{
    string name;
    int age;
};

写入文件时,在字符串后放置一个delimiter
假设我们有一个Data structure {"John", 42}那么我们会这样写:

std::ofstream outStream(filename, std::ios::binary);
outStream << structure.name << delimiter << structure.age;
outStream.close();

读取文件不是写入的镜像(不幸的是)。
我们将使用std::ifstream::getline在不知道字符串大小的情况下读取字符串。 (省略错误检查)

std::ifstream istrm(filename, std::ios::binary);
Data dataRead;

// string input - use a buffer and look for the next delimiter
char* buf = new char[maxStringSize];
istrm.getline(buf, maxStringSize, delimiter);
dataRead.name = std::string(buf);

// the number input
istrm >> dataRead.age;

有关如何读/写此struct的向量的灵感,您可以查看我的存储库

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