Arduino IDE 在为 Arduino UNO 编译时使用什么链接器脚本？

Question

1. 我想要达到的目标

我的最终目标是将 Arduino 项目（草图）转换为基于 makefile 的自包含 C/C++ 项目。

我已经取得了一些进展（感谢 @Juraj 的有用评论）。 我将所有相关的 Arduino *.cpp和*.h文件复制到一个文件夹（我称之为“项目文件夹”）以及预处理的草图文件（Arduino 预处理器将草图文件转换为*.cpp文件）。

我添加了一个内部生成文件，并且构建效果很好。 然而，在最后一步 - 链接 - 对我来说到底使用了什么链接脚本仍然是个谜。

2.问题说明

虽然构建 - 包括链接步骤 - 工作得很好，但我想知道正在使用什么链接器脚本。 现在， avr-gcc工具链从其安装文件夹中选择一个链接描述文件：

<arduino ide installation>/hardware/tools/avr/avr/lib/ldscripts

正如@Juraj 在评论中解释的那样，工具链的选择基于-mmcu标志。

我不希望编译器从avr-gcc工具链中选择一个固定的链接描述文件。 相反，我想将此链接描述文件直接复制到我的项目文件夹中并能够对其进行调整。 但是要做到这一点 - 我必须首先知道它是哪个链接描述文件。 我怎么知道？

3. 背景资料

您可以在下面找到有关我的设置和系统的更多信息。

3.1. 我的设置

我有一个基于ATmega328P微控制器的Arduino UNO R3 。 我在Ubuntu 20.04.1 LTS 。 我安装了 Arduino IDE 并从以下位置创建了一个新项目：

File > Examples > 01.Basics > Blink

我将新项目保存在~/Arduino/sketch_uno_blinky/sketch_uno_blinky.ino

最后，我在以下位置打勾：

File > Preferences > Show verbose output

这样我就可以正确地看到编译输出。 基于此，我可以跟踪参与构建的所有*.cpp和*.h文件。 我将它们复制到一个文件夹中，以制作我自己的基于 makefile 的独立项目。

3.2 链接

我像这样运行链接器：

avr-gcc -Wl,-Map=output.map
        -Wl,--gc-sections
        -mmcu=atmega328p
        -DF_CPU=16000000L
        -DARDUINO=10813
        -DARDUINO_AVR_UNO
        -DARDUINO_ARCH_AVR
        -Og
        -g3
        -MMD
        -fmessage-length=0
        -ffunction-sections
        -fdata-sections
        -Wno-comment
        -Wno-unused-function
        -Werror-implicit-function-declaration
        -w
        -lm
        -flto
        -fuse-linker-plugin
        -L ../config/
        -o application.elf
        WInterrupts.o
        main.o
        hooks.o
        wiring.o
        wiring_analog.o
        wiring_digital.o
        wiring_pulse.o
        wiring_shift.o
        [...]
        sketch_uno_blinky.ino.o

这导致application.elf固件。

Answer 1

avr-ld 的 -mcu 选项确定链接描述文件。 它从与 avr-gcc 捆绑的链接器脚本中进行选择。 对于 Arduino，此文件夹与硬件/工具/avr/avr/lib/ldscript 中的安装文件夹中的 Arduino IDE 或包/arduino/tools/avr-gcc 中的 arduion15 文件夹中的 avr-gcc 版本之一捆绑在一起。

在 avr-gcc 源代码中有一个avr-mcus.def 文件，它描述了 AVR MCU。 文件中的第二列是“架构”，您可以在 ldscripts 中找到相应的链接描述文件。 例如 atmega328p 有 ARCH_AVR5 并且链接器脚本是 avr5.x

Answer 2

谢谢@Juraj 的回答和所有有用的评论！

我找到了另一种方法来查看正在使用的链接脚本。 只需将此标志添加到链接器调用： -Wl,--verbose

我得到以下输出：

GNU ld (GNU Binutils) 2.26.20160125
  Supported emulations:
   avr2
   avr1
   avr25
   avr3
   avr31
   avr35
   avr4
   avr5
   avr51
   avr6
   avrxmega1
   avrxmega2
   avrxmega3
   avrxmega4
   avrxmega5
   avrxmega6
   avrxmega7
   avrtiny
opened script file /home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/avr/bin/../lib/ldscripts/avr5.xn
using external linker script:
==================================================
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(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/../../../../avr/lib/avr5/libc.a)mulsf3x.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/../../../../avr/lib/avr5/libc.a)errno.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/../../../../avr/lib/avr5/libc.a)cty_isfalse.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/../../../../avr/lib/avr5/libc.a)fp_inf.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/../../../../avr/lib/avr5/libc.a)fp_nan.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/../../../../avr/lib/avr5/libc.a)fp_pscA.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/../../../../avr/lib/avr5/libc.a)fp_pscB.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/../../../../avr/lib/avr5/libc.a)fp_round.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/../../../../avr/lib/avr5/libc.a)fp_split3.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/../../../../avr/lib/avr5/libc.a)fp_zero.o
attempt to open ../config//libatmega328p.so failed
attempt to open ../config//libatmega328p.a failed
attempt to open /home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/avr5/libatmega328p.so failed
attempt to open /home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/avr5/libatmega328p.a failed
attempt to open /home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/../../../../avr/lib/avr5/libatmega328p.so failed
attempt to open /home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/../../../../avr/lib/avr5/libatmega328p.a succeeded
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/avr5/libgcc.a)_divmodsi4.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/avr5/libgcc.a)_negsi2.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/avr5/libgcc.a)_copy_data.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/avr5/libgcc.a)_clear_bss.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/avr5/libgcc.a)_muluhisi3.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/avr5/libgcc.a)_mulshisi3.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/avr5/libgcc.a)_prologue.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/avr5/libgcc.a)_epilogue.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/avr5/libgcc.a)_udivmodsi4.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/avr5/libgcc.a)_umulhisi3.o
attempt to open /tmp/ccAFolcs.ltrans0.ltrans.o succeeded
/tmp/ccAFolcs.ltrans0.ltrans.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/avr5/libgcc.a)_ctors.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/avr5/libgcc.a)_tablejump2.o

如您所见，输出提到了链接描述文件的确切位置：

opened script file /home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/avr/bin/../lib/ldscripts/avr5.xn

它甚至会打印文件的全部内容。