如何在 Django 中获取特定的查询集

Question

我正在构建一个医院管理应用程序，我目前正在构建 Nurse 的网页。 在该网页中，我希望显示以下内容：所有受雇护士的列表、他们的轮班列表以及他们工作的部门。

我试图让部门部分显示，但我不断收到错误“太多值无法解包（预期 2）”。

我该怎么做才能让护士科显示？

模型.py

from django.db import models

# Create your models here.

#Work Related aka Department and Work Shift

class Department(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=200, null=True, blank=True)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

class WorkShift(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=200, null=True, blank=True)
    start_datetime = models.DateTimeField(null=True, blank=True)
    end_datetime = models.DateTimeField(null=True, blank=True)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name 

#Personel Related aka Employees and Patients

class Doctor(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=200, null=True, blank=True)
    email = models.CharField(max_length=200, null=True)
    phone = models.CharField(max_length=200, null=True)
    department = models.ForeignKey(Department, null=True, blank=True, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    work_shift = models.OneToOneField(WorkShift, blank=True, null=True, on_delete=models.CASCADE)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

class Nurse(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=200, null=True)
    email = models.CharField(max_length=200, null=True)
    phone = models.CharField(max_length=200, null=True)
    sector = models.ForeignKey(Department, null=True, blank=True, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    reports_to = models.ForeignKey(Doctor, blank=True, null=True, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    work_shift = models.OneToOneField(WorkShift, default="", blank=True, null=True, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    
    def __str__(self):
         return self.name

class Patient(models.Model):
    STATUS = (
        ('Sick', 'Sick'),
        ('Healing', 'Healing'),
        ('Cured', 'Cured'),
        ('Deceased', 'Deceased'),
    )

    name = models.CharField(max_length=200, null=True, blank=True)
    description = models.TextField(blank=True, null=True)
    status = models.CharField(max_length=200, null=True, blank=True, choices=STATUS)
    department = models.ForeignKey(Department, default="", null=True, blank=True, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    care = models.ForeignKey(Nurse, default="", blank=True, null=True, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    date_created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True, blank=True, null=True)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

from django.shortcuts import render, redirect

视图.py

# Create your views here.
from django.shortcuts import render
from .models import Doctor, Nurse, Patient, Department, WorkShift
from django.http import HttpResponse
from .forms import DoctorForm, NurseForm, PatientForm

# Create your views here.
def index(request):
    patient = Patient.objects.all()
    nurse = Nurse.objects.all()
    doctor = Doctor.objects.all()
    department = Department.objects.all()

    total_patient = patient.count()
    sick = patient.filter(status='Sick').count()
    healing = patient.filter(status='Healing').count()
    cured = patient.filter(status='Cured').count()

    total_nurse = nurse.count()

    # if request.method == 'POST':
    #     form = 

    context = {
        'patient':patient, 'nurse':nurse,
        'doctor':doctor, 'total_patient':total_patient,
        'sick':sick, 'healing':healing, 'cured':cured,
        'total_nurse':total_nurse,
        'department':department
    }

    return render(request, 'lifesaver/index.html', context)

#All Patient Related

def patient(request):
    patient = Patient.objects.all()

    context = {'patient':patient}
    return render(request, 'lifesaver/patient.html', context)

def patient_add(request):

    patient = Patient.objects.all()
    form = PatientForm()

    if request.method == 'POST':
        form = PatientForm(request.POST)
        if form.is_valid():
            print("Patient Form is Valid")
            form.save()
        else:
            print("Patient Form is Invalid")
            print(form.errors)
        return redirect('patient')

    context = {'form':form,}
    return render(request, 'lifesaver/patient_add.html', context)

def patient_update(request, pk):

    patient = Patient.objects.get(id=pk)
    form = PatientForm(instance=patient)

    if request.method == 'POST':
        form = PatientForm(request.POST, instance=patient)
        if form.is_valid():
            print('Update completed')
            form.save()
            return redirect('patient')
        else:
            print('Update not completed')
            print(form.errors)
            
    context = {'form':form}

    return render(request, 'lifesaver/patient_update.html', context)

#All Doctor Related

def doctor(request):

    doctor = Doctor.object.all()

    context = {}
    return render(request, 'lifesaver/doctor.html', context)

def doctor_add(request):
    
    doctor = Doctor.object.all()
    form = DoctorForm()

    context = {'doctor':doctor, 'form':form}
    return render(request, 'lifesaver/doctor')

def doctor_update(request):

    doctor = Doctor.object.all()
    form = DoctorForm()

    context = {'doctor':doctor, 'form':form}

# Nurse Related

def nurse(request):
    nurse = Nurse.objects.all()
    workshift = WorkShift.objects.all()
    department = Nurse.objects.get('sector')

    context = {'nurse':nurse, 'workshift':workshift, 'department':department}
    return render(request, 'lifesaver/nurse.html', context)
    

def nurse_add(request):
    nurse = Nurse.objects.all()
    form = NurseForm()

    if request.method == 'POST':
        form = NurseForm(request.POST)
        if form.is_valid():
            print("Nurse Form is Valid")
            form.save()
        else:
            print("Nurse Form is Invalid")
            print(form.errors)
        return redirect('nurse')

    context = {'form':form,}
    return render(request, 'lifesaver/nurse_add.html', context)

def nurse_update(request):
    nurse = Nurse.objects.all()
    form = NurseForm()

    context = {}
    return render(request, 'lifesaver/nurse_update.html', context)

#Work Related

def department(request):
    department = Department.objects.all()

    context = {'department':department}
    return render(request, 'lifesaver/department.html', context)

Forms.py

from django import forms
from django.forms import ModelForm
from .models import Doctor, Nurse, Patient, Department, WorkShift
from django.contrib.auth.forms import UserCreationForm

class DoctorForm(forms.ModelForm):
    name = forms.CharField(widget = forms.TextInput(attrs = 
    {

            'placeholder': 'Add a New Doctor',
            'class': 'form-control'
    }
    ))

    department = forms.ModelChoiceField(queryset=Department.objects.all(), widget=forms.Select(attrs=
    {
            'class': 'selectpicker',
            'placeholder': 'Department', 
    }
    )) 

    class Meta:
        model = Doctor
        fields = ['name', 'department']

class NurseForm(forms.ModelForm):
    name = forms.CharField(widget = forms.TextInput(attrs = 
    {

            'placeholder': 'Add a New Nurse',
            'class': 'form-control'
    }
    ))

    class Meta:
        model = Nurse
        fields = ['name']

class PatientForm(ModelForm):
    name = forms.CharField(widget = forms.TextInput(attrs = 
    {

            'placeholder': 'Add a New Nurse',
            'class': 'form-control'
    }
    ))

    description = forms.CharField(widget = forms.TextInput(attrs =
    {
            'placeholder': "Describe the patient's symptoms",
            'class': 'form-control'
    }
    ))

    department = forms.ModelChoiceField(queryset=Department.objects.all(), widget=forms.Select(attrs=
    {
            'class': 'selectpicker',
            'placeholder': 'Select Department', 
    }
    )) 

    class Meta:
        model = Patient
        fields = ['name', 'description', 'department', 'care', 'status']

#Work Related

class WorkShiftForm(ModelForm):
        class Meta:
                model = WorkShift
                fields = '__all__'

护士.html

{% extends 'lifesaver/main.html' %}

{% block content %}

{% for nurse in nurse %}
    {{nurse.name}}
    {{nurse.report_to}}
    {{nurse.care}}
    {{nurse.work_shift}}
    {{department}}
{% endfor %}


{% endblock %}

Answer 1

您需要传递一个字段和一个值，例如

  Nurse.objects.get('sector' = 'dentistry')

或者如果你想显示一个特定的护士部门，你可以在你的模板中使用它：

{{nurse.department.name}}

Answer 2

在 models.py 中，护士 object 具有字段“部门”，这是部门记录的外键。 所以问题的一部分是你试图 output 模板中的错误字段名称，因为在 Nurse model 上没有定义实际的department字段。

尝试对views.py进行这些编辑： nurses = Nurse.objects.all()然后在您的上下文中： context = {..., 'nurses': nurses, ...}

然后在nurse.html中：

{% for nurse in nurses: %}
   ...
   {{ nurse.sector.name }}
{% endfor %}

这至少应该让你的护士对象在模板中呈现。 但是，当在 Nurse model 中使用null=True定义 FK 时，您在调用nurse.sector时会遇到潜在问题。 因此，更好的做法是在 Nurse model 中定义一个访问器方法，以在调用它的name之前检查sector是否存在，即：

# in Nurse model
def department_name(self):
    if self.sector_id:
        return self.sector.name
    else:
        return '' # or some other default

然后你可以编辑nurse.html 再次将我上面的代码替换为：

{% for nurse in nurses: %}
   ...
   {{ nurse.department_name }}
{% endfor %}

这只是您如何处理此问题的皮毛，但它希望能回答您的问题并在您进行这些编辑后防止常见错误。

您可能还需要查看Django QuerySet API 的 select_related select_related()和prefetch_related()方法，以避免当前代码中可能出现的 N+1 查询问题。 有关更多背景信息，请参见此处和此处。

因此，例如，为了避免 N+1，不要调用nurses = Nurse.objects.all()而不是调用nurse nurses = Nurse.objects.select_related('sector').all() 。 这将加入 FK 上的 model 部门。 对上述 N+1 问题之一的此答案有更多详细信息。