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如何实现具有特征 MyTrait 的结构<a>?</a> <a>[复制]</a>

[英]How do implement a struct that takes a trait MyTrait<A>? [duplicate]

我定义了一个特征如下:

trait Readable<E> {
    fn read_u8(&mut self) -> Result<u8, E>;
    fn read_u16be(&mut self) -> Result<u16, E>;
}

这个想法是用不同的后端来实现它,返回不同的错误类型。 我尝试在 function 中使用它:

fn f<E, R: Readable<E>>(r: &mut R) -> Result<u8, E> {
    r.read_u8()
}

这编译。 我在 impl 中尝试了同样的方法:

struct FileFormat<R> {
    r: R,
}

impl<E, R: Readable<E>> FileFormat<R> {
    fn f(&mut self) -> Result<u8, E> {
        self.r.read_u8()
    }
}

操场

这失败了:

14 | impl<E, R: Readable<E>> FileFormat<R> {
   |      ^ unconstrained type parameter

编译器建议rustc --explain E0207但恐怕我无法理解其中包含的答案是否存在。

为什么前者编译而后者不编译? 为什么在这种情况下E是不受约束的? 如何解决这个问题,以便实现能够采用任何Readable

让我们想象一下它确实 compile 这是一个带注释的示例,它表明它允许我们编写编译器无法进行类型检查的损坏代码:

trait Readable<E> {
    fn read_u8(&mut self) -> Result<u8, E>;
    fn read_u16be(&mut self) -> Result<u16, E>;
}

fn f<E, R: Readable<E>>(r: &mut R) -> Result<u8, E> {
    r.read_u8()
}

struct SomeError;
struct SomeOtherError;
struct SomeReadable;

impl Readable<SomeError> for SomeReadable {
    fn read_u8(&mut self) -> Result<u8, SomeError> {
        todo!()
    }
    fn read_u16be(&mut self) -> Result<u16, SomeError> {
        todo!()
    }
}

impl Readable<SomeOtherError> for SomeReadable {
    fn read_u8(&mut self) -> Result<u8, SomeOtherError> {
        todo!()
    }
    fn read_u16be(&mut self) -> Result<u16, SomeOtherError> {
        todo!()
    }
}

struct FileFormat<R> {
    r: R,
}

// let's pretend that this does compile
impl<E, R: Readable<E>> FileFormat<R> {
    fn f(&mut self) -> Result<u8, E> {
        self.r.read_u8()
    }
}

// it will now allow us to write this code
// which is impossible to type check so
// it's obviously broken
fn example(mut fr: FileFormat<SomeReadable>) -> Result<u8, ???> {
    // um, does this return Result<u8, SomeError>
    // or does it return Result<u8, SomeOtherError>???
    // it's impossible to know!
    fr.f()
}

操场

错误类型需要出现在FileFormat类型中的某处。 修复就像将PhantomData成员添加到FileFormat一样简单,这样您就可以“确定”特定的错误类型:

use core::marker::PhantomData;
trait Readable<E> {
    fn read_u8(&mut self) -> Result<u8, E>;
    fn read_u16be(&mut self) -> Result<u16, E>;
}

fn f<E, R: Readable<E>>(r: &mut R) -> Result<u8, E> {
    r.read_u8()
}

struct SomeError;
struct SomeOtherError;
struct SomeReadable;

impl Readable<SomeError> for SomeReadable {
    fn read_u8(&mut self) -> Result<u8, SomeError> {
        todo!()
    }
    fn read_u16be(&mut self) -> Result<u16, SomeError> {
        todo!()
    }
}

impl Readable<SomeOtherError> for SomeReadable {
    fn read_u8(&mut self) -> Result<u8, SomeOtherError> {
        todo!()
    }
    fn read_u16be(&mut self) -> Result<u16, SomeOtherError> {
        todo!()
    }
}

struct FileFormat<R, E> {
    r: R,
    e: PhantomData<E>,
}

// now compiles!
impl<E, R: Readable<E>> FileFormat<R, E> {
    fn f(&mut self) -> Result<u8, E> {
        self.r.read_u8()
    }
}

// now works!
fn example(mut fr: FileFormat<SomeReadable, SomeError>) -> Result<u8, SomeError> {
    fr.f()
}

// now also works!
fn other_example(mut fr: FileFormat<SomeReadable, SomeOtherError>) -> Result<u8, SomeOtherError> {
    fr.f()
}

操场

独立的通用 function 有效,因为我们在调用 function 时指定了错误类型:

trait Readable<E> {
    fn read_u8(&mut self) -> Result<u8, E>;
    fn read_u16be(&mut self) -> Result<u16, E>;
}

struct SomeError;
struct SomeOtherError;
struct SomeReadable;

impl Readable<SomeError> for SomeReadable {
    fn read_u8(&mut self) -> Result<u8, SomeError> {
        todo!()
    }
    fn read_u16be(&mut self) -> Result<u16, SomeError> {
        todo!()
    }
}

impl Readable<SomeOtherError> for SomeReadable {
    fn read_u8(&mut self) -> Result<u8, SomeOtherError> {
        todo!()
    }
    fn read_u16be(&mut self) -> Result<u16, SomeOtherError> {
        todo!()
    }
}

fn f<E, R: Readable<E>>(r: &mut R) -> Result<u8, E> {
    r.read_u8()
}

fn example() {
    let mut readable: SomeReadable = SomeReadable;
    // error type clarified to be SomeError here
    f::<SomeError, _>(&mut readable);

    let mut readable: SomeReadable = SomeReadable;
    // error type clarified to be SomeOtherError here
    f::<SomeOtherError, _>(&mut readable);
}

操场

实际上,这一切都归结为使您的类型对编译器可见。

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