错误：“只有 unicode 对象是可转义的。没有类型<class 'nonetype'> “。有人可以帮我找出我的代码中的错误吗？</class>

Question

我是 Twitter 开发和 Python 编程的初学者，但最近我一直在尝试构建一个机器人，当被标记以回复推文时，它会找到关键字并使用谷歌从可靠来源提供一些关于该主题的信息原始推文。 但是，我在编程时遇到了一个主要问题： API没有被创建，因为代码触发了错误“只有 unicode 对象是可转义的”。 我已经使用模块 Config 将我的 Twitter API 凭据设置为环境变量，并且它本身似乎可以正常工作。 在尝试运行机器人之前，我激活了我的虚拟环境并导出了 env 变量，所以我认为这个问题与错误设置这些变量无关，但我也不会说我对此很确定：代码如下方法：

import tweepy
import logging
from config import create_api
import time
import re
from googlesearch import search
import sys
import io

logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
logger = logging.getLogger()

api = tweepy.API

def check_mentions(api, keywords, since_id):

    logger.info("Collecting info")

    new_since_id = since_id

    for tweet in tweepy.Cursor(api.mentions_timeline,
        since_id=since_id).items():

        new_since_id = max(tweet.id, new_since_id)


        if tweet.in_reply_to_status_id is not None:
            in_reply_to_status_id = previous_tweet.id
            status_id = tweet.in_reply_to_status_id
            tweet_u = api.get_status(status_id,tweet_mode='extended')
            #to store the output -links- as a variable to use it later
            old_stdout = sys.stdout
            new_stdout = io.StringIO()
            sys.stdout = new_stdout


            output = new_stdout.getvalue()
            sys.stdout = old_stdout

        print(output)


        text = output

        # remove words that are between 1 and 3 characters long
        shortword = re.compile(r'\W*\b\w{1,3}\b')

        print(shortword.sub('', text))

        

        keywords_search = print(shortword.sub('', text))

        if keywords_search is not None:

                mystring = search(keywords_search, num_results=500)
        else:
                mystring = search("error", num_results=1)



        for word in mystring:
                if "harvard" in word or "cornell" in word or "researchgate" in word or "yale" in word or "rutgers" in word or "caltech" in word or "upenn" in word or "princeton" in word or "columbia" in word or "journal" in word or "mit" in word or "stanford" in word or "gov" in word or "pubmed" in word:
                                print(word)

        #to store the output -links- as a variable to use it later
        old_stdout = sys.stdout
        new_stdout = io.StringIO()
        sys.stdout = new_stdout

        for word in mystring:
                if "harvard" in word or "cornell" in word or "researchgate" in word or "yale" in word or "rutgers" in word or "caltech" in word or "upenn" in word or "princeton" in word or "columbia" in word or "journal" in word or "mit" in word or "stanford" in word or "gov" in word or "pubmed" in word:
                                print(word)

        #to print normally again
        output = new_stdout.getvalue()

        sys.stdout = old_stdout
        print(output)


        if output is not None:
                status = "Hi there! This may be what you're looking for" and print(output),
                len(status) <= 280
                api.update_status(status, in_reply_to_status_id=tweet.id, auto_populate_reply_metadata=False),

        else:
                status = "Sorry, I cannot help you with that :(. You might want to try again with a distinctly sourced Tweet",
                len(status) <= 280
                api.update_status(status, in_reply_to_status_id=tweet.id, auto_populate_reply_metadata=False),

        return new_since_id





def main():
    api = create_api()
    since_id = 1 #the last mention you have.
    while True:
        print(since_id)
        since_id = check_mentions(api, ["help", "support"], since_id)
        logger.info("Waiting...")
        time.sleep(15)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

我的配置模块：

import tweepy
import logging
import os

logger = logging.getLogger()

def create_api():
    consumer_key = os.getenv("XXXXXXXXXX")
    consumer_secret = os.getenv("XXXXXXXXXX")
    access_token = os.getenv("XXXXXXXXXX")
    access_token_secret = os.getenv("XXXXXXXXXX")


    auth = tweepy.OAuthHandler(consumer_key, consumer_secret)
    auth.set_access_token(access_token, access_token_secret)
    api = tweepy.API(auth, wait_on_rate_limit=True, 
        wait_on_rate_limit_notify=True)
    try:
        api.verify_credentials()
    except Exception as e:
        logger.error("Error creating API", exc_info=True)
        raise e
    logger.info("API created")
    return api

错误发生：

ERROR:root:Error creating API
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\tweepy\binder.py", line 184, in execute
    resp = self.session.request(self.method,
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\requests\sessions.py", line 516, in request
    prep = self.prepare_request(req)
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\requests\sessions.py", line 449, in prepare_request
    p.prepare(
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\requests\models.py", line 318, in prepare
    self.prepare_auth(auth, url)
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\requests\models.py", line 549, in prepare_auth
    r = auth(self)
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\requests_oauthlib\oauth1_auth.py", line 108, in __call__
    r.url, headers, _ = self.client.sign(
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\oauthlib\oauth1\rfc5849\__init__.py", line 313, in sign
    ('oauth_signature', self.get_oauth_signature(request)))
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\oauthlib\oauth1\rfc5849\__init__.py", line 127, in get_oauth_signature
    uri, headers, body = self._render(request)
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\oauthlib\oauth1\rfc5849\__init__.py", line 209, in _render
    headers = parameters.prepare_headers(
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\oauthlib\oauth1\rfc5849\utils.py", line 32, in wrapper
    return target(params, *args, **kwargs)
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\oauthlib\oauth1\rfc5849\parameters.py", line 59, in prepare_headers
    escaped_value = utils.escape(value)
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\oauthlib\oauth1\rfc5849\utils.py", line 56, in escape
    raise ValueError('Only unicode objects are escapable. ' +
ValueError: Only unicode objects are escapable. Got None of type <class 'NoneType'>.

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Users\maria\OneDrive\Documentos\Lara\Python\Factualbot\config.py", line 23, in create_api
    api.verify_credentials()
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\tweepy\api.py", line 672, in verify_credentials
    return bind_api(
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\tweepy\binder.py", line 253, in _call
    return method.execute()
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\tweepy\binder.py", line 192, in execute
    six.reraise(TweepError, TweepError('Failed to send request: %s' % e), sys.exc_info()[2])
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\six.py", line 702, in reraise
    raise value.with_traceback(tb)
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\tweepy\binder.py", line 184, in execute
    resp = self.session.request(self.method,
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\requests\sessions.py", line 516, in request
    prep = self.prepare_request(req)
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\requests\sessions.py", line 449, in prepare_request
    p.prepare(
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\requests\models.py", line 318, in prepare
    self.prepare_auth(auth, url)
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\requests\models.py", line 549, in prepare_auth
    r = auth(self)
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\requests_oauthlib\oauth1_auth.py", line 108, in __call__
    r.url, headers, _ = self.client.sign(
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\oauthlib\oauth1\rfc5849\__init__.py", line 313, in sign
    ('oauth_signature', self.get_oauth_signature(request)))
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\oauthlib\oauth1\rfc5849\__init__.py", line 127, in get_oauth_signature
    uri, headers, body = self._render(request)
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\oauthlib\oauth1\rfc5849\__init__.py", line 209, in _render
    headers = parameters.prepare_headers(
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\oauthlib\oauth1\rfc5849\utils.py", line 32, in wrapper
    return target(params, *args, **kwargs)
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\oauthlib\oauth1\rfc5849\parameters.py", line 59, in prepare_headers
    escaped_value = utils.escape(value)
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\oauthlib\oauth1\rfc5849\utils.py", line 56, in escape
    raise ValueError('Only unicode objects are escapable. ' +
tweepy.error.TweepError: Failed to send request: Only unicode objects are escapable. Got None of type <class 'NoneType'>.
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\tweepy\binder.py", line 184, in execute
    resp = self.session.request(self.method,
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\requests\sessions.py", line 516, in request
    prep = self.prepare_request(req)
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\requests\sessions.py", line 449, in prepare_request
    p.prepare(
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\requests\models.py", line 318, in prepare
    self.prepare_auth(auth, url)
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\requests\models.py", line 549, in prepare_auth
    r = auth(self)
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\requests_oauthlib\oauth1_auth.py", line 108, in __call__
    r.url, headers, _ = self.client.sign(
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\oauthlib\oauth1\rfc5849\__init__.py", line 313, in sign
    ('oauth_signature', self.get_oauth_signature(request)))
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\oauthlib\oauth1\rfc5849\__init__.py", line 127, in get_oauth_signature
    uri, headers, body = self._render(request)
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\oauthlib\oauth1\rfc5849\__init__.py", line 209, in _render
    headers = parameters.prepare_headers(
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\oauthlib\oauth1\rfc5849\utils.py", line 32, in wrapper
    return target(params, *args, **kwargs)
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\oauthlib\oauth1\rfc5849\parameters.py", line 59, in prepare_headers
    escaped_value = utils.escape(value)
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\oauthlib\oauth1\rfc5849\utils.py", line 56, in escape
    raise ValueError('Only unicode objects are escapable. ' +
ValueError: Only unicode objects are escapable. Got None of type <class 'NoneType'>.

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Users\maria\OneDrive\Documentos\Lara\Python\Factualbot\botstring20.py", line 114, in <module>
    main()
  File "C:\Users\maria\OneDrive\Documentos\Lara\Python\Factualbot\botstring20.py", line 105, in main
    api = create_api()
  File "C:\Users\maria\OneDrive\Documentos\Lara\Python\Factualbot\config.py", line 26, in create_api
    raise e
  File "C:\Users\maria\OneDrive\Documentos\Lara\Python\Factualbot\config.py", line 23, in create_api
    api.verify_credentials()
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\tweepy\api.py", line 672, in verify_credentials
    return bind_api(
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\tweepy\binder.py", line 253, in _call
    return method.execute()
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\tweepy\binder.py", line 192, in execute
    six.reraise(TweepError, TweepError('Failed to send request: %s' % e), sys.exc_info()[2])
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\six.py", line 702, in reraise
    raise value.with_traceback(tb)
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\tweepy\binder.py", line 184, in execute
    resp = self.session.request(self.method,
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\requests\sessions.py", line 516, in request
    prep = self.prepare_request(req)
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\requests\sessions.py", line 449, in prepare_request
    p.prepare(
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\requests\models.py", line 318, in prepare
    self.prepare_auth(auth, url)
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\requests\models.py", line 549, in prepare_auth
    r = auth(self)
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\requests_oauthlib\oauth1_auth.py", line 108, in __call__
    r.url, headers, _ = self.client.sign(
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\oauthlib\oauth1\rfc5849\__init__.py", line 313, in sign
    ('oauth_signature', self.get_oauth_signature(request)))
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\oauthlib\oauth1\rfc5849\__init__.py", line 127, in get_oauth_signature
    uri, headers, body = self._render(request)
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\oauthlib\oauth1\rfc5849\__init__.py", line 209, in _render
    headers = parameters.prepare_headers(
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\oauthlib\oauth1\rfc5849\utils.py", line 32, in wrapper
    return target(params, *args, **kwargs)
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\oauthlib\oauth1\rfc5849\parameters.py", line 59, in prepare_headers
    escaped_value = utils.escape(value)
  File "C:\Users\maria\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python39\site-packages\oauthlib\oauth1\rfc5849\utils.py", line 56, in escape
    raise ValueError('Only unicode objects are escapable. ' +
tweepy.error.TweepError: Failed to send request: Only unicode objects are escapable. Got None of type <class 'NoneType'>.

我知道它很长，但我只是想知道是否有人可以通过错误解决过程告诉我 go 的哪个方向，因为我有点迷路了，我不知道还能问哪里！ 提前谢谢你，很抱歉这是多长时间！！！！<3

Answer 1

当您的一个或多个凭据用于初始化API的实例时，它是None 。
当您使用os.getenv检索环境变量时，很可能找不到其中的一个或多个，因为没有具有该名称/键的环境变量。