无法让海龟 ontimer() function 工作

Question

我无法让海龟 ontimer() function 工作。

当我使用turtle库的ontimer function时，代码直接执行，不等待预期时间。

为了使我的代码正常工作，我使用了 function time.sleep(1) 这不是一个很好的解决方案

这是代码：

import turtle, time

heure_=int(input("Enter the time in hh format: "))
minute_=int(input("Enter the minutes in mm format: "))
seconde_=int(input("Enter the seconds in ss format: "))

#calculate time
def formt(h, m, s):
    minute, seconde = divmod(s, 60)
    heure, minute = divmod(minute+m, 60)
    heure = (heure+h)%12
    return heure, minute, seconde

heure, minute, seconde = formt(heure_, minute_, seconde_)
#function to calculate hands angles
def angle(h, m, s):
    angle_s=(360 / 60) * s
    angle_m=(360 / 60) * m + angle_s*1/60
    angle_h=(360 / 12) * h + angle_m*1/12
    return angle_h, angle_m, angle_s

#hands
def aigh(h, x=0, y=0, f=100):
    hour_t.ht()
    hour_t.goto(x,y)
    hour_t.setheading(90)
    hour_t.rt(h)
    hour_t.pendown()
    hour_t.width(10)
    hour_t.forward(f)

def aigm(m, x=0, y=0, f=150):
    min_t.ht()
    min_t.goto(x,y)
    min_t.setheading(90)
    min_t.rt(m)
    min_t.pendown()
    min_t.width(5)
    min_t.forward(f)

def aigs(s, x=0, y=0, f=170):
    sec_t.ht()
    sec_t.goto(x,y)
    sec_t.setheading(90)
    sec_t.color("red")
    sec_t.width()
    sec_t.rt(s)
    sec_t.pendown()
    sec_t.width(1)
    sec_t.forward(f)

#init turtle
t = turtle.Turtle()

#turtles for hands
hour_t = turtle.Turtle()
min_t = turtle.Turtle()
sec_t = turtle.Turtle()

wn = turtle.Screen()
wn.title("Clock")

wn.tracer(0)

def draw(h, m, s):
    aigh(h)
    aigm(m)
    aigs(s)
    
def refresh(h=heure, m=minute, s=seconde):
    global seconde
    wn.tracer(0)
    hour_t.undo()
    min_t.undo()
    sec_t.undo()
    
    h_, m_, s_ = formt(h, m, s)
    t.undo()
    
    #get the hands angles
    agl_h, agl_m, agl_s = angle(h_, m_, s_)

    #draw the hands
    draw(agl_h, agl_m, agl_s)

    wn.update()
    
    seconde +=1

    #wn.ontimer(refresh, 1000)

for _ in iter(int, 1):
    refresh(s=seconde)
    time.sleep(1)

我怎样才能使代码工作？ 谢谢你。

Answer 1

您已陷入经典的 Python 陷阱之一。 当你这样说时：

def refresh(h=heure, m=minute, s=seconde):

默认值是在定义 function 时捕获的。 这些不是实时值。 因此，如果您输入 5、15、23，这些参数的默认值将始终为 5、15 和 23，无论全局变量如何变化。

您完全依赖于这里的全局变量，所以只需使用它们。 这有效：

import turtle, time

heure_=int(input("Enter the time in hh format: "))
minute_=int(input("Enter the minutes in mm format: "))
seconde_=int(input("Enter the seconds in ss format: "))

#calculate time
def formt(h, m, s):
    minute, seconde = divmod(s, 60)
    heure, minute = divmod(minute+m, 60)
    heure = (heure+h)%12
    return heure, minute, seconde

heure, minute, seconde = formt(heure_, minute_, seconde_)
#function to calculate hands angles
def angle(h, m, s):
    angle_s=(360 / 60) * s
    angle_m=(360 / 60) * m + angle_s*1/60
    angle_h=(360 / 12) * h + angle_m*1/12
    return angle_h, angle_m, angle_s

#hands
def aigh(h, x=0, y=0, f=100):
    hour_t.ht()
    hour_t.goto(x,y)
    hour_t.setheading(90)
    hour_t.rt(h)
    hour_t.pendown()
    hour_t.width(10)
    hour_t.forward(f)

def aigm(m, x=0, y=0, f=150):
    min_t.ht()
    min_t.goto(x,y)
    min_t.setheading(90)
    min_t.rt(m)
    min_t.pendown()
    min_t.width(5)
    min_t.forward(f)

def aigs(s, x=0, y=0, f=170):
    sec_t.ht()
    sec_t.goto(x,y)
    sec_t.setheading(90)
    sec_t.color("red")
    sec_t.width()
    sec_t.rt(s)
    sec_t.pendown()
    sec_t.width(1)
    sec_t.forward(f)

#init turtle
t = turtle.Turtle()

#turtles for hands
hour_t = turtle.Turtle()
min_t = turtle.Turtle()
sec_t = turtle.Turtle()

wn = turtle.Screen()
wn.title("Clock")

wn.tracer(0)

def draw(h, m, s):
    aigh(h)
    aigm(m)
    aigs(s)
    
def refresh():
    global seconde
    wn.tracer(0)
    hour_t.undo()
    min_t.undo()
    sec_t.undo()
    
    h_, m_, s_ = formt(heure, minute, seconde)
    t.undo()
    
    #get the hands angles
    agl_h, agl_m, agl_s = angle(h_, m_, s_)

    #draw the hands
    draw(agl_h, agl_m, agl_s)

    wn.update()
    
    seconde +=1

while True:
    refresh()
    time.sleep(1)

Answer 2

我看到您的代码存在一些小问题（例如，手不采用指定的宽度和 colors。）我同意@TimRoberts 的观点，默认 arguments 是您的主要问题。 下面是我对使用ontimer()的代码的修改，并尝试修复和简化它：

from turtle import Screen, Turtle

heure_ = int(input("Enter the time in hh format: "))
minute_ = int(input("Enter the minutes in mm format: "))
seconde_ = int(input("Enter the seconds in ss format: "))

# calculate time
def formt(h, m, s):
    minute, seconde = divmod(s, 60)
    heure, minute = divmod(minute + m, 60)
    heure = (heure + h) % 12

    return heure, minute, seconde

# function to calculate hands angles
def angle(h, m, s):
    angle_s = (360 / 60) * s
    angle_m = (360 / 60) * m + angle_s/60
    angle_h = (360 / 12) * h + angle_m/12

    return angle_h, angle_m, angle_s

# hands
def aigh(h, x=0, y=0, f=100):
    hour_t.goto(x, y)
    hour_t.clear()
    hour_t.setheading(h)
    hour_t.forward(f)

def aigm(m, x=0, y=0, f=150):
    min_t.goto(x, y)
    min_t.clear()
    min_t.setheading(m)
    min_t.forward(f)

def aigs(s, x=0, y=0, f=170):
    sec_t.goto(x, y)
    sec_t.clear()
    sec_t.setheading(s)
    sec_t.forward(f)

def draw(h, m, s):
    aigh(h)
    aigm(m)
    aigs(s)

heure, minute, seconde = formt(heure_, minute_, seconde_)

def refresh():
    global heure, minute, seconde

    heure, minute, seconde = formt(heure, minute, seconde)

    # get the hands angles
    agl_h, agl_m, agl_s = angle(heure, minute, seconde)

    # draw the hands
    draw(agl_h, agl_m, agl_s)

    seconde += 1

    screen.update()

    screen.ontimer(refresh, 1000)

screen = Screen()
screen.mode('logo')  # 0 degrees at top, circles go clockwise, like a clock!
screen.title("Clock")
screen.tracer(False)

# turtles for hands
hour_t = Turtle()
hour_t.hideturtle()
hour_t.width(10)

min_t = Turtle()
min_t.hideturtle()
min_t.width(5)

sec_t = Turtle()
sec_t.hideturtle()
sec_t.width(1)
sec_t.color("red")

refresh()

screen.mainloop()