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使用前向声明类的嵌套(尚未定义)类型的部分模板特化

[英]Partial template specialization using nested (undefined yet) type of a forward-declared class

有一种方法可以为前向声明(不完整)类型( answer )进行部分模板特化。 但是在看到提到的问题之后,我想知道是否可以使用不完整的嵌套(可能是私有)类为类模板定义部分特化。
在 C++ 中,目前无法在不定义类的情况下前向声明嵌套类:

class undefined;
class undefined::foo; // impossibru

通过一些技巧,我制作了一个工作代码(为了研究): https ://godbolt.org/z/9W8nfhx8P

#include <iostream>

template <typename T, typename = T>
struct specialize;

// workaround to get to a nested foo
template <typename T, typename...>
struct mem_foo
{
    // error: 'struct undefined::foo' is private within this context
    using type = typename T::foo;
};

class undefined;
// class undefined::foo; // impossibru

template <typename MemFoo>
struct specialize<typename mem_foo<undefined, MemFoo>::type, MemFoo>
{
    void operator()(const MemFoo &f) const 
    {
        // this will compile however
        std::cout << f.name << std::endl;
    }
};

#include <string>

class undefined
{
private: // will not compile without friend
    struct foo{
        std::string name = "John Cena";
    };

    friend struct mem_foo<undefined, foo>; // ugly 
    // friend struct specialize<foo>; // this is irrelevant, but would be nicer than mem_foo

public:
    static foo get() { return {}; }
};

int main()
{
    specialize</*undefined::foo*/decltype(undefined::get())>{}(undefined::get());

    return 0;
}

但是对于private类型,使用了一个丑陋的朋友。 friend struct specialize<undefined::foo>; 在语义上会更具吸引力。

还有其他或更优雅的解决方案吗?

一个更优雅/不那么复杂的解决方案: https ://godbolt.org/z/3vrfPWP5f

#include <iostream>

template <typename T, typename = T>
struct specialize;

template <typename T, typename ...>
struct defer_instantiation
{
    using type = T;
};

template <typename T, typename ... R>
using defer_instantiation_t = typename defer_instantiation<T, R...>::type;

class undefined;
// class undefined::foo; // impossibru

template <typename MemFoo>
struct specialize<typename defer_instantiation_t<undefined, MemFoo>::foo, MemFoo>
{
    void operator()(const MemFoo &f) const 
    {
        // this will compile however
        std::cout << f.name << std::endl;
    }
};

#include <string>

class undefined
{
private:
    struct foo{
        std::string name = "John Cena";
    };

    friend struct specialize<foo>; // this is irrelevant, but would be nicer than mem_foo

public:
    static foo get() { return {}; }
};

int main()
{
    specialize</*undefined::foo*/decltype(undefined::get())>{}(undefined::get());

    return 0;
}

它允许通过延迟模板实例化引用尚未完成的类的不存在的成员类型。

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