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在MVVM中為View提供一些命令

[英]Give some command to View in MVVM

我們假設我有一些用戶控制權。 用戶控件有一些子窗口。 並且用戶控制用戶想要關閉某種類型的子窗口。 用戶控制代碼中有一種方法:

public void CloseChildWindows(ChildWindowType type)
{
   ...
}

但我無法調用此方法,因為我無法直接訪問該視圖。

我想到的另一個解決方案是以某種方式將用戶控件ViewModel作為其屬性之一公開(因此我可以綁定它並直接向ViewModel發出命令)。 但我不希望用戶控制用戶知道有關用戶控件ViewModel的任何信息。

那么解決這個問題的正確方法是什么?

我覺得我剛剛找到了一個相當不錯的MVVM解決方案來解決這個問題。 我寫了一個暴露類型屬性WindowType和布爾屬性Open DataBinding后者允許ViewModel輕松打開和關閉窗口,而不需要了解View。

要愛的行為...... :)

在此輸入圖像描述

XAML:

<UserControl x:Class="WpfApplication1.OpenCloseWindowDemo"
             xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
             xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
             xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006" 
             xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008" 
             xmlns:local="clr-namespace:WpfApplication1"
             xmlns:i="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/2010/interactivity"
             mc:Ignorable="d" 
             d:DesignHeight="300" d:DesignWidth="300">

    <UserControl.DataContext>
        <local:ViewModel />
    </UserControl.DataContext>
    <i:Interaction.Behaviors>
        <!-- TwoWay binding is necessary, otherwise after user closed a window directly, it cannot be opened again -->
        <local:OpenCloseWindowBehavior WindowType="local:BlackWindow" Open="{Binding BlackOpen, Mode=TwoWay}" />
        <local:OpenCloseWindowBehavior WindowType="local:YellowWindow" Open="{Binding YellowOpen, Mode=TwoWay}" />
        <local:OpenCloseWindowBehavior WindowType="local:PurpleWindow" Open="{Binding PurpleOpen, Mode=TwoWay}" />
    </i:Interaction.Behaviors>
    <UserControl.Resources>
        <Thickness x:Key="StdMargin">5</Thickness>
        <Style TargetType="Button" >
            <Setter Property="MinWidth" Value="60" />
            <Setter Property="Margin" Value="{StaticResource StdMargin}" />
        </Style>
        <Style TargetType="Border" >
            <Setter Property="Margin" Value="{StaticResource StdMargin}" />
        </Style>
    </UserControl.Resources>

    <Grid>
        <StackPanel>
            <StackPanel Orientation="Horizontal">
                <Border Background="Black" Width="30" />
                <Button Content="Open" Command="{Binding OpenBlackCommand}" CommandParameter="True" />
                <Button Content="Close" Command="{Binding OpenBlackCommand}" CommandParameter="False" />
            </StackPanel>
            <StackPanel Orientation="Horizontal">
                <Border Background="Yellow" Width="30" />
                <Button Content="Open" Command="{Binding OpenYellowCommand}" CommandParameter="True" />
                <Button Content="Close" Command="{Binding OpenYellowCommand}" CommandParameter="False" />
            </StackPanel>
            <StackPanel Orientation="Horizontal">
                <Border Background="Purple" Width="30" />
                <Button Content="Open" Command="{Binding OpenPurpleCommand}" CommandParameter="True" />
                <Button Content="Close" Command="{Binding OpenPurpleCommand}" CommandParameter="False" />
            </StackPanel>
        </StackPanel>
    </Grid>
</UserControl>

YellowWindow(黑/紫色):

<Window x:Class="WpfApplication1.YellowWindow"
        xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
        xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
        Title="YellowWindow" Height="300" Width="300">
    <Grid Background="Yellow" />
</Window>

ViewModel,ActionCommand:

using System;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Windows.Input;

namespace WpfApplication1
{
    public class ViewModel : INotifyPropertyChanged
    {
        public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;
        private void OnPropertyChanged(string propertyName)
        {
            if (this.PropertyChanged != null)
                PropertyChanged(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName));
        }

        private bool _blackOpen;
        public bool BlackOpen { get { return _blackOpen; } set { _blackOpen = value; OnPropertyChanged("BlackOpen"); } }

        private bool _yellowOpen;
        public bool YellowOpen { get { return _yellowOpen; } set { _yellowOpen = value; OnPropertyChanged("YellowOpen"); } }

        private bool _purpleOpen;
        public bool PurpleOpen { get { return _purpleOpen; } set { _purpleOpen = value; OnPropertyChanged("PurpleOpen"); } }

        public ICommand OpenBlackCommand { get; private set; }
        public ICommand OpenYellowCommand { get; private set; }
        public ICommand OpenPurpleCommand { get; private set; }


        public ViewModel()
        {
            this.OpenBlackCommand = new ActionCommand<bool>(OpenBlack);
            this.OpenYellowCommand = new ActionCommand<bool>(OpenYellow);
            this.OpenPurpleCommand = new ActionCommand<bool>(OpenPurple);
        }

        private void OpenBlack(bool open) { this.BlackOpen = open; }
        private void OpenYellow(bool open) { this.YellowOpen = open; }
        private void OpenPurple(bool open) { this.PurpleOpen = open; }

    }

    public class ActionCommand<T> : ICommand
    {
        public event EventHandler CanExecuteChanged;
        private Action<T> _action;

        public ActionCommand(Action<T> action)
        {
            _action = action;
        }

        public bool CanExecute(object parameter) { return true; }

        public void Execute(object parameter)
        {
            if (_action != null)
            {
                var castParameter = (T)Convert.ChangeType(parameter, typeof(T));
                _action(castParameter);
            }
        }
    }
}

OpenCloseWindowBehavior:

using System;
using System.Windows;
using System.Windows.Controls;
using System.Windows.Interactivity;

namespace WpfApplication1
{
    public class OpenCloseWindowBehavior : Behavior<UserControl>
    {
        private Window _windowInstance;

        public Type WindowType { get { return (Type)GetValue(WindowTypeProperty); } set { SetValue(WindowTypeProperty, value); } }
        public static readonly DependencyProperty WindowTypeProperty = DependencyProperty.Register("WindowType", typeof(Type), typeof(OpenCloseWindowBehavior), new PropertyMetadata(null));

        public bool Open { get { return (bool)GetValue(OpenProperty); } set { SetValue(OpenProperty, value); } }
        public static readonly DependencyProperty OpenProperty = DependencyProperty.Register("Open", typeof(bool), typeof(OpenCloseWindowBehavior), new PropertyMetadata(false, OnOpenChanged));

        /// <summary>
        /// Opens or closes a window of type 'WindowType'.
        /// </summary>
        private static void OnOpenChanged(DependencyObject d, DependencyPropertyChangedEventArgs e)
        {
            var me = (OpenCloseWindowBehavior)d;
            if ((bool)e.NewValue)
            {
                object instance = Activator.CreateInstance(me.WindowType);
                if (instance is Window)
                {
                    Window window = (Window)instance;
                    window.Closing += (s, ev) => 
                    {
                        if (me.Open) // window closed directly by user
                        {
                            me._windowInstance = null; // prevents repeated Close call
                            me.Open = false; // set to false, so next time Open is set to true, OnOpenChanged is triggered again
                        }
                    }; 
                    window.Show();
                    me._windowInstance = window;
                }
                else
                {
                    // could check this already in PropertyChangedCallback of WindowType - but doesn't matter until someone actually tries to open it.
                    throw new ArgumentException(string.Format("Type '{0}' does not derive from System.Windows.Window.", me.WindowType));
                }
            }
            else 
            {
                if (me._windowInstance != null)
                    me._windowInstance.Close(); // closed by viewmodel
            }
        }
    }
}

我在過去通過引入WindowManager的概念來處理這種情況,這是一個可怕的名稱,所以讓我們將它與WindowViewModel配對,這只是稍微不那么可怕 - 但基本的想法是:

public class WindowManager
{
    public WindowManager()
    {
        VisibleWindows = new ObservableCollection<WindowViewModel>();
        VisibleWindows.CollectionChanged += OnVisibleWindowsChanged;            
    }
    public ObservableCollection<WindowViewModel> VisibleWindows {get; private set;}
    private void OnVisibleWindowsChanged(object sender, NotifyCollectionChangedEventArgs args)
    {
        // process changes, close any removed windows, open any added windows, etc.
    }
}

public class WindowViewModel : INotifyPropertyChanged
{
    private bool _isOpen;
    private WindowManager _manager;
    public WindowViewModel(WindowManager manager)
    {
        _manager = manager;
    }
    public bool IsOpen 
    { 
        get { return _isOpen; } 
        set 
        {
            if(_isOpen && !value)
            {
                _manager.VisibleWindows.Remove(this);
            }
            if(value && !_isOpen)
            {
                _manager.VisibleWindows.Add(this);
            }
            _isOpen = value;
            OnPropertyChanged("IsOpen");
        }
    }    

    public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged = delegate {};
    private void OnPropertyChanged(string name)
    {
        PropertyChanged(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(name));
    }
}

注意:我只是非常偶然地把它扔在一起; 你當然希望根據你的具體需求調整這個想法。

但是,任何人,基本前提是你的命令可以在WindowViewModel對象上工作,適當地切換IsOpen標志,並且管理器類處理打開/關閉任何新窗口。 有很多種可能的方法可以做到這一點,但過去它對我來說很有用(實際實現時並沒有在我的手機上一起扔,也就是說)

純粹主義者的合理方式是創建一個處理導航的服務。 簡短摘要:創建NavigationService,在NavigationService注冊您的視圖,並使用視圖模型中的NavigationService進行導航。

例:

class NavigationService
{
    private Window _a;

    public void RegisterViewA(Window a) { _a = a; }

    public void CloseWindowA() { a.Close(); }
}

要獲得對NavigationService的引用,您可以在它上面進行抽象(即INavigationService)並通過IoC注冊/獲取它。 更准確地說,您甚至可以進行兩個抽象,一個包含注冊方法(由視圖使用)和一個包含執行器(由視圖模型使用)的抽象。

有關更詳細的示例,您可以查看Gill Cleeren的實現,該實現嚴重依賴於IoC:

http://www.silverlightshow.net/video/Applied-MVVM-in-Win8-Webinar.aspx從00:36:30開始

實現此目的的一種方法是視圖模型請求關閉子窗口:

public class ExampleUserControl_ViewModel
{
    public Action ChildWindowsCloseRequested;

    ...
}

然后視圖將訂閱其視圖模型的事件,並在觸發時關閉窗口。

public class ExampleUserControl : UserControl
{
    public ExampleUserControl()
    {
        var viewModel = new ExampleUserControl_ViewModel();
        viewModel.ChildWindowsCloseRequested += OnChildWindowsCloseRequested;

        DataContext = viewModel;
    }

    private void OnChildWindowsCloseRequested()
    {
        // ... close child windows
    }

    ...
}

因此,視圖模型可以確保關閉子窗口而不了解視圖。

此問題的大多數答案都涉及由ViewModel控制的狀態變量,而View則對此變量的更改起作用。 這適用於有狀態的命令,如打開或關閉窗口,或只是顯示或隱藏某些控件。 但它對無狀態事件命令不起作用。 您可以在信號的上升沿觸發某些操作,但需要再次將信號設置為低(假),否則它將不再觸發。

我寫了一篇關於ViewCommand模式的文章來解決這個問題。 它基本上是從View到當前ViewModel的常規命令的反方向。 它涉及一個接口,每個ViewModel都可以實現該接口,以向所有當前連接的視圖發送命令。 可以擴展View以在其DataContext屬性更改時向每個已分配的ViewModel注冊。 此注冊將View添加到ViewModel中的Views列表。 每當ViewModel需要在View中運行命令時,它會遍歷所有已注冊的視圖並在它們上運行命令(如果存在)。 這使用反射來查找View類中的ViewCommand方法,但是在相反的方向上綁定也是如此。

View類中的ViewCommand方法:

public partial class TextItemView : UserControl
{
    [ViewCommand]
    public void FocusText()
    {
        MyTextBox.Focus();
    }
}

這是從ViewModel調用的:

private void OnAddText()
{
    ViewCommandManager.Invoke("FocusText");
}

該文章可在我的網站上以及CodeProject上的舊版本中找到

包含的代碼(BSD許可證)提供了允許在代碼混淆期間重命名方法的措施。

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