如何使用urllib2通過代理連接到HTTPS（在Python中）

Question

如果我要通過代理連接的網站是不安全的（HTTP），則可以連接，但是如果它是安全的（HTTPS），則不能連接。

以下代碼有效：

import urllib2

proxy_support = urllib2.ProxyHandler({'http':'xxx.xxx.xxx.xx'})
opener = urllib2.build_opener(proxy_support)
urllib2.install_opener(opener)

html = urllib2.urlopen('http://www.example.com').read()

但是下面的代碼不起作用，

proxy_support = urllib2.ProxyHandler({'https':'xxx.xxx.xxx.xx'})
opener = urllib2.build_opener(proxy_support)
urllib2.install_opener(opener)

html = urllib2.urlopen('https://www.example.com').read()

相反，我得到以下回溯：

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/urllib2.py", line 154, in urlopen
    return opener.open(url, data, timeout)
  File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/urllib2.py", line 431, in open
    response = self._open(req, data)
  File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/urllib2.py", line 449, in _open
    '_open', req)
  File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/urllib2.py", line 409, in _call_chain
    result = func(*args)
  File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/urllib2.py", line 1240, in https_open
    context=self._context)
  File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/urllib2.py", line 1197, in do_open
    raise URLError(err)
urllib2.URLError: <urlopen error [Errno 61] Connection refused>

Answer 1

根據https://docs.python.org/2/library/urllib2.html ：

在版本2.7.9中進行了更改：添加了cafile，capath，cadefault和context。

這使我可以連接到使用自簽名SSL證書的本地HTTPS站點：

html = urllib2.urlopen('http://www.example.com'),\
context=ssl._https_verify_certificates(False)

我在您的回溯中注意到與我的相似之處。 就像您發布的代碼一樣，該代碼可在Ubuntu 14.04（Python 2.7.6）上運行，但不適用於16.04（Python 2.7.13），但最后一個除外：

  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/urllib2.py", line 154, in urlopen
    return opener.open(url, data, timeout)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/urllib2.py", line 429, in open
    response = self._open(req, data)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/urllib2.py", line 447, in _open
    '_open', req)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/urllib2.py", line 407, in _call_chain
    result = func(*args)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/urllib2.py", line 1241, in https_open
    context=self._context)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/urllib2.py", line 1198, in do_open
    raise URLError(err)
urllib2.URLError: <urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:590)>

我不確定這是否對您有利。