不使用庫初始化OpenGL

Question

我在網上找到的每個教程都使用SDL或GLAD或其他庫來初始化OpenGL。 有沒有沒有額外的庫（如DirectX）初始化OpenGL的方法？

這樣做的原因是，我正在構建一個游戲引擎，並且希望盡可能減少外部庫並能夠處理更多錯誤消息。

Answer 1

OpenGL的初始化因操作系統而異，這就是為什么人們制作這些庫以簡化其他開發人員的工作的原因。

一些可以幫助您的教程。

對於Windows（WGL）

• https://www.khronos.org/opengl/wiki/Creating_an_OpenGL_Context
• http://www.rastertek.com/gl40tut03.html

對於Linux（GLX）

• https://www.khronos.org/opengl/wiki/Tutorial:_OpenGL_3.0_Context_Creation_(GLX）

Answer 2

這樣做的質量信息不多。 我發現了一個偉大的一段代碼叫做windows_modern_opengl_context.c用戶在github nickrolfe 。 我想在這里分享它，以使其他人更容易找到它。 如果鏈接-lopengl32並確保具有-mwindows標志，則應使用現代c編譯器進行編譯。 我正在使用gcc -std=c11 。 如果要使用C ++，則可能必須編輯代碼以在初始化結構時不使用指定的初始化程序。 我不確定。

編輯：

此代碼使用帶有現代opengl上下文（版本3.3）的win32 api創建一個空窗口。 您仍然需要加載適當的gl擴展名才能調用諸如glCreateShader(...);函數glCreateShader(...); 我建議您高興地做到這一點。 如果像我說的那樣使用glad，則應該使用gladLoadGL()而不是gladLoadGLLoader()來加載擴展。

// Sample code showing how to create a modern OpenGL window and rendering context on Win32.

#include <windows.h>
#include <gl/gl.h>
#include <stdbool.h>

typedef HGLRC WINAPI wglCreateContextAttribsARB_type(HDC hdc, HGLRC hShareContext, const int *attribList);

wglCreateContextAttribsARB_type *wglCreateContextAttribsARB;

// See https://www.opengl.org/registry/specs/ARB/wgl_create_context.txt for all values
#define WGL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION_ARB             0x2091
#define WGL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION_ARB             0x2092
#define WGL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_MASK_ARB              0x9126

#define WGL_CONTEXT_CORE_PROFILE_BIT_ARB          0x00000001

typedef BOOL WINAPI wglChoosePixelFormatARB_type(HDC hdc, const int *piAttribIList, const FLOAT *pfAttribFList, UINT nMaxFormats, int *piFormats, UINT *nNumFormats);

wglChoosePixelFormatARB_type *wglChoosePixelFormatARB;

// See https://www.opengl.org/registry/specs/ARB/wgl_pixel_format.txt for all values
#define WGL_DRAW_TO_WINDOW_ARB                    0x2001
#define WGL_ACCELERATION_ARB                      0x2003
#define WGL_SUPPORT_OPENGL_ARB                    0x2010
#define WGL_DOUBLE_BUFFER_ARB                     0x2011
#define WGL_PIXEL_TYPE_ARB                        0x2013
#define WGL_COLOR_BITS_ARB                        0x2014
#define WGL_DEPTH_BITS_ARB                        0x2022
#define WGL_STENCIL_BITS_ARB                      0x2023

#define WGL_FULL_ACCELERATION_ARB                 0x2027
#define WGL_TYPE_RGBA_ARB                         0x202B

static void
fatal_error(char *msg)
{
    MessageBoxA(NULL, msg, "Error", MB_OK | MB_ICONEXCLAMATION);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

static void
init_opengl_extensions(void)
{
    // Before we can load extensions, we need a dummy OpenGL context, created using a dummy window.
    // We use a dummy window because you can only set the pixel format for a window once. For the
    // real window, we want to use wglChoosePixelFormatARB (so we can potentially specify options
    // that aren't available in PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR), but we can't load and use that before we
// have a context.
    WNDCLASSA window_class = {
        .style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW | CS_OWNDC,
        .lpfnWndProc = DefWindowProcA,
        .hInstance = GetModuleHandle(0),
        .lpszClassName = "Dummy_WGL_djuasiodwa",
    };

    if (!RegisterClassA(&window_class)) {
        fatal_error("Failed to register dummy OpenGL window.");
    }

    HWND dummy_window = CreateWindowExA(
        0,
        window_class.lpszClassName,
        "Dummy OpenGL Window",
        0,
        CW_USEDEFAULT,
        CW_USEDEFAULT,
        CW_USEDEFAULT,
        CW_USEDEFAULT,
        0,
        0,
        window_class.hInstance,
        0);

    if (!dummy_window) {
        fatal_error("Failed to create dummy OpenGL window.");
    }

    HDC dummy_dc = GetDC(dummy_window);

    PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR pfd = {
        .nSize = sizeof(pfd),
        .nVersion = 1,
        .iPixelType = PFD_TYPE_RGBA,
        .dwFlags = PFD_DRAW_TO_WINDOW | PFD_SUPPORT_OPENGL | PFD_DOUBLEBUFFER,
        .cColorBits = 32,
        .cAlphaBits = 8,
        .iLayerType = PFD_MAIN_PLANE,
        .cDepthBits = 24,
        .cStencilBits = 8,
    };

    int pixel_format = ChoosePixelFormat(dummy_dc, &pfd);
    if (!pixel_format) {
        fatal_error("Failed to find a suitable pixel format.");
    }
    if (!SetPixelFormat(dummy_dc, pixel_format, &pfd)) {
        fatal_error("Failed to set the pixel format.");
    }

    HGLRC dummy_context = wglCreateContext(dummy_dc);
    if (!dummy_context) {
        fatal_error("Failed to create a dummy OpenGL rendering context.");
    }

    if (!wglMakeCurrent(dummy_dc, dummy_context)) {
        fatal_error("Failed to activate dummy OpenGL rendering context.");
    }

    wglCreateContextAttribsARB = (wglCreateContextAttribsARB_type*)wglGetProcAddress("wglCreateContextAttribsARB");
    wglChoosePixelFormatARB = (wglChoosePixelFormatARB_type*)wglGetProcAddress("wglChoosePixelFormatARB");

    wglMakeCurrent(dummy_dc, 0);
    wglDeleteContext(dummy_context);
    ReleaseDC(dummy_window, dummy_dc);
    DestroyWindow(dummy_window);
}

static HGLRC
init_opengl(HDC real_dc)
{
    init_opengl_extensions();

    // Now we can choose a pixel format the modern way, using wglChoosePixelFormatARB.
    int pixel_format_attribs[] = {
        WGL_DRAW_TO_WINDOW_ARB,     GL_TRUE,
        WGL_SUPPORT_OPENGL_ARB,     GL_TRUE,
        WGL_DOUBLE_BUFFER_ARB,      GL_TRUE,
        WGL_ACCELERATION_ARB,       WGL_FULL_ACCELERATION_ARB,
        WGL_PIXEL_TYPE_ARB,         WGL_TYPE_RGBA_ARB,
        WGL_COLOR_BITS_ARB,         32,
        WGL_DEPTH_BITS_ARB,         24,
        WGL_STENCIL_BITS_ARB,       8,
        0
    };

    int pixel_format;
    UINT num_formats;
    wglChoosePixelFormatARB(real_dc, pixel_format_attribs, 0, 1, &pixel_format, &num_formats);
    if (!num_formats) {
        fatal_error("Failed to set the OpenGL 3.3 pixel format.");
    }

    PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR pfd;
    DescribePixelFormat(real_dc, pixel_format, sizeof(pfd), &pfd);
    if (!SetPixelFormat(real_dc, pixel_format, &pfd)) {
        fatal_error("Failed to set the OpenGL 3.3 pixel format.");
    }

    // Specify that we want to create an OpenGL 3.3 core profile context
    int gl33_attribs[] = {
        WGL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION_ARB, 3,
        WGL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION_ARB, 3,
        WGL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_MASK_ARB,  WGL_CONTEXT_CORE_PROFILE_BIT_ARB,
        0,
    };

    HGLRC gl33_context = wglCreateContextAttribsARB(real_dc, 0, gl33_attribs);
    if (!gl33_context) {
        fatal_error("Failed to create OpenGL 3.3 context.");
    }

    if (!wglMakeCurrent(real_dc, gl33_context)) {
        fatal_error("Failed to activate OpenGL 3.3 rendering context.");
    }

    return gl33_context;
}

static LRESULT CALLBACK
window_callback(HWND window, UINT msg, WPARAM wparam, LPARAM lparam)
{
    LRESULT result = 0;

    switch (msg) {
        case WM_CLOSE:
        case WM_DESTROY:
            PostQuitMessage(0);
            break;
        default:
            result = DefWindowProcA(window, msg, wparam, lparam);
            break;
    }

    return result;
}

static HWND
create_window(HINSTANCE inst)
{
    WNDCLASSA window_class = {
        .style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW | CS_OWNDC,
        .lpfnWndProc = window_callback,
        .hInstance = inst,
        .hCursor = LoadCursor(0, IDC_ARROW),
        .hbrBackground = 0,
        .lpszClassName = "WGL_fdjhsklf",
    };

    if (!RegisterClassA(&window_class)) {
        fatal_error("Failed to register window.");
    }

    // Specify a desired width and height, then adjust the rect so the window's client area will be
    // that size.
    RECT rect = {
        .right = 1024,
        .bottom = 576,
    };
    DWORD window_style = WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW;
    AdjustWindowRect(&rect, window_style, false);

    HWND window = CreateWindowExA(
        0,
        window_class.lpszClassName,
        "OpenGL",
        window_style,
        CW_USEDEFAULT,
        CW_USEDEFAULT,
        rect.right - rect.left,
        rect.bottom - rect.top,
        0,
        0,
        inst,
        0);

    if (!window) {
        fatal_error("Failed to create window.");
    }

    return window;
}

int WINAPI
WinMain(HINSTANCE inst, HINSTANCE prev, LPSTR cmd_line, int show)
{
    HWND window = create_window(inst);
    HDC gldc = GetDC(window);
    HGLRC glrc = init_opengl(gldc);

    ShowWindow(window, show);
    UpdateWindow(window);

    bool running = true;
    while (running) {
        MSG msg;
        while (PeekMessageA(&msg, 0, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE)) {
            if (msg.message == WM_QUIT) {
                running = false;
            } else {
                TranslateMessage(&msg);
                DispatchMessageA(&msg);
            }
        }

        glClearColor(1.0f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f);
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

        // Do OpenGL rendering here

        SwapBuffers(gldc);
    }

    return 0;
}