[英]How to create a next button with tkinter to switch between multiple frames
我正在tkinter中編寫一個測驗程序,其中包含每個所問問題的框架。 用戶從單選按鈕列表中選擇正確答案后,將彈出一個窗口,允許用戶選擇測驗中的任何問題。 這是一個例子:
除了只顯示“下一個”和“上一個”按鈕之外,我不想顯示所有可能的答案,但是我很難創建一個按鈕,該按鈕每次選擇下一個或上一個按鈕時都會自動更新。
這是我下面的完整代碼供參考。 之后,我強調了重要的部分,以使其變得更容易。
Root_File_Name = "C:\\LearningArabic\\LiblibArriby\\"
def Part1():
JSON_File = Root_File_Name + "Lessons\\Lesson_1\\"
with open(JSON_File+"Arabic_Lesson_1.json", "r", encoding = "utf-8-sig") as question_file:
data = json.load(question_file)
def create_widgets_in_first_frame(): # Create the label for the frame
current_frame=frames[0] #Make the frame number generic so as to make copy/paste easier. ##UPDATE PER QUESTION##
question_number = "question0"
question_frame_populator(current_frame, question_number)
def create_widgets_in_second_frame():
current_frame=frames[1] #Make the frame number generic so as to make copy/paste easier. ##UPDATE PER QUESTION##
question_number = "question1"
question_frame_populator(current_frame, question_number)
def create_widgets_in_third_frame():
current_frame=frames[2] #Make the frame number generic so as to make copy/paste easier
question_number = "question2"
question_frame_populator(current_frame, question_number)
def create_widgets_in_forth_frame():
current_frame=frames[3] #Make the frame number generic so as to make copy/paste easier
question_number = "question3"
question_frame_populator(current_frame, question_number)
def create_widgets_in_fifth_frame():
current_frame=frames[4] #Make the frame number generic so as to make copy/paste easier
question_number = "question4"
question_frame_populator(current_frame, question_number)
def create_widgets_in_sixth_frame():
current_frame=frames[5] #Make the frame number generic so as to make copy/paste easier
question_number = "question5"
question_frame_populator(current_frame, question_number)
def question_frame_populator(current_frame, question_number): #This is what displayes all of the information on the frame
questionDirectory = data["lesson 1"]["part one"][question_number] ##UPDATE PER QUESTION## This is the directory for the question.
wronganswer = questionDirectory["wronganswer"] #This is the directory for the wrong answers
question = questionDirectory.get("question") #This is the question text
correctanswer = questionDirectory.get("answer") #This is the answer for whichever question has been selected.
arabic = questionDirectory.get("arabic") #This is the arabic text for the question
transliteration = questionDirectory.get("transliteration")
global var
var = IntVar()
var.set(0) #Sets the initial radiobutton selection to nothing
answers = generate_answers(wronganswer, correctanswer) #Pulls answers generated from the "generate_answers" function
choices = []
for i in range(3):
choice = Radiobutton(current_frame, image=answers[i], variable = var, value=i+1, command= Check_Answer)
choice.image = answers[i]
choices.append(choice)
random.shuffle(choices) #This line of code randomizes the order of the radiobuttons.
choices[0].grid(row=1, column=0)
choices[1].grid(row=1, column=1)
choices[2].grid(row=1, column=2)
L1 = Label(current_frame, text=question, font=("Helvetica", 35)) #This displays the question at the top of the screen
L1.grid(columnspan=4, row=0)
transliteration_button = Button(current_frame, text="Show Transliteration", command= lambda: Transliteration(current_frame, arabic, transliteration)) # Makes the phonetic pronunciation button. #####
transliteration_button.grid(column=0, row=2)
Previous_Button() # Creates the "previous" button and displays it.
Next_Button() # Creates the "next" button and displays it.
Quit_Button(current_frame) # Creates the "quit" button and displays it.
def Transliteration(current_frame, arabic, transliteration):
Transliteration = Label(current_frame, text="'"+arabic+"'" + " is pronounced " + "'"+transliteration+"'", font=("Helvetica", 35))
Transliteration.grid(row=3, columnspan=4)
def generate_answers(wronganswer, correctanswer):
Wans=random.sample(wronganswer, 2)
images = [os.path.join(ImagePath, f"{Wans[i]}.png") for i in range(2)]
images += [os.path.join(ImagePath, f"{correctanswer}.png")]
answers = [PhotoImage(file=images[i]) for i in range(3)]
return answers
def Check_Answer():
global lives
global score
if str(var.get()) !="3":
special_frames[1].grid_forget() #This is the frame for right answers
special_frames[0].grid(column=1, row=0, padx=20, pady=5, sticky=(tkinter.W, tkinter.E)) #This is the frame for wrong answers
lives -=1
Incorrect = Label(special_frames[0], text ="That's incorrect!\n Lives: " +str(lives) + "\n Score: " + str(score), font=("Helvetica", 35))
Incorrect.grid(row=0, rowspan=2, column=0, columnspan=3)
if str(var.get()) == "3":
score +=1
special_frames[0].grid_forget() #This is the frame for wrong answers
special_frames[1].grid(column=1, row=0, padx=20, pady=5, sticky=(tkinter.W, tkinter.E)) #This is the frame for right answers
Correct = Label(special_frames[1], text = " That's right! \n Lives: " +str(lives)+ "\n Score: " + str(score), font=("Helvetica", 35))
Correct.grid(row=0, rowspan=2, column=0, columnspan=5)
first_frame_button = Button(special_frames[1], text = "Question 1", command = call_frame_1)
first_frame_button.grid(column=0, row=3)
second_frame_button = Button(special_frames[1], text = "Question 2", command = call_frame_2)
second_frame_button.grid(column=1, row=3)
third_frame_button = Button(special_frames[1], text = "Question 3", command = call_frame_3)
third_frame_button.grid(column=2, row=3)
forth_frame_button = Button(special_frames[1], text = "Question 4", command = call_frame_4)
forth_frame_button.grid(column=4, row=3)
fifth_frame_button = Button(special_frames[1], text = "Question 5", command = call_frame_5)
fifth_frame_button.grid(column=0, row=4)
sixth_frame_button = Button(special_frames[1], text = "Question 6", command = call_frame_6)
sixth_frame_button.grid(column=1, row=4)
def all_frames_forget():
for i in range(6): #This is for question frames
frames[i].grid_forget()
for i in range(3): #This is for special frames, like the correct and incorrect answer frames
special_frames[i].grid_forget()
def check_remaining_lives(create_widgets_in_current_frame, current_frame):
if lives<= 0:
Zero_Lives()
else:
create_widgets_in_current_frame
current_frame.grid(column=0, row=0, padx=20, pady=5, sticky=(tkinter.W, tkinter.N, tkinter.E))
def Zero_Lives():
special_frames[2].grid(column=0, row=0, padx=20, pady=5, sticky=(tkinter.W, tkinter.E))
L5 = Label(special_frames[2], text="You have no remaining lives. \nPlease quit the lesson and try again.", font=("Helvetica", 35))
L5.grid(columnspan=4, row=0)
quit_button = Button(special_frames[2], text = "Quit", command = root_window.destroy)
quit_button.grid(column=1, columnspan = 2, row=2)
def Previous_Button():
previous_button = Button(special_frames[1], text = "Previous", command = previous_question)
previous_button.grid(column=1, row=5)
def previous_question():
global frameNumber
frameNumber -=1
call_frame_frameNumber()
def Next_Button():
next_button = Button(special_frames[1], text = "Next", command = next_question)
next_button.grid(column=2, row=5)
def next_question():
global frameNumber
frameNumber +=1
call_frame_frameNumber()
def Quit_Button(current_frame):
quit_button = Button(current_frame, text = "Quit", command = quit_program)
quit_button.grid(column=4, row=4)
def quit_program():
root_window.destroy()
def call_frame_1():
all_frames_forget()
create_widgets_in_current_frame = create_widgets_in_first_frame() #This line is unique
current_frame = frames[0] #This line is unique
check_remaining_lives(create_widgets_in_current_frame, current_frame)
def call_frame_2():
all_frames_forget()
create_widgets_in_current_frame = create_widgets_in_second_frame() #This line is unique
current_frame = frames[1] #This line is unique
check_remaining_lives(create_widgets_in_current_frame, current_frame)
def call_frame_3():
all_frames_forget()
create_widgets_in_current_frame = create_widgets_in_third_frame() #This line is unique
current_frame = frames[2] #This line is unique
check_remaining_lives(create_widgets_in_current_frame, current_frame)
def call_frame_4():
all_frames_forget()
create_widgets_in_current_frame = create_widgets_in_forth_frame() #This line is unique
current_frame = frames[3] #This line is unique
check_remaining_lives(create_widgets_in_current_frame, current_frame)
def call_frame_5():
all_frames_forget()
create_widgets_in_current_frame = create_widgets_in_fifth_frame() #This line is unique
current_frame = frames[4] #This line is unique
check_remaining_lives(create_widgets_in_current_frame, current_frame)
def call_frame_6():
all_frames_forget()
create_widgets_in_current_frame = create_widgets_in_sixth_frame() #This line is unique
current_frame = frames[5] #This line is unique
check_remaining_lives(create_widgets_in_current_frame, current_frame)
##### Program starts here #####
Lesson1_FilePath = Root_File_Name + "Lessons\\Lesson_1\\"
ImagePath = Lesson1_FilePath + "Images\\"
root_window = Tk() # Create the root GUI window.
root_window.title("Lesson 1: Part 1") # Label the root GUI window.
global score
score = 0 #Setting the initial score to zero.
global lives
lives = 3 #Setting the initial number of lives.
global frameNumber
frameNumber = 1
window_width = 200 # Define window size
window_heigth = 100
frames = [] # This includes frames for all questions
for i in range(6):
frame=tkinter.Frame(root_window, width=window_width, height=window_heigth)
frame['borderwidth'] = 2
frame['relief'] = 'sunken'
frame.grid(column=0, row=0, padx=20, pady=5, sticky=(tkinter.W, tkinter.N, tkinter.E))
frames.append(frame)
special_frames=[] #This includes the frames for: wrong answers, right answers, and zero lives
for i in range(3):
special=tkinter.Frame(root_window, width=window_width, height=window_heigth)
special['borderwidth'] = 2
special['relief'] = 'sunken'
special.grid(column=1, row=0, padx=20, pady=5, sticky=(tkinter.W, tkinter.E))
special.grid_forget()
special_frames.append(special)
call_frame_1() #Calls the first function which creates the firist frame
root_window.mainloop()
我知道這是很多代碼,但是我想確保所有內容都在那里,以防萬事通。 以下是我認為最重要的部分:
def Previous_Button():
previous_button = Button(special_frames[1], text = "Previous", command = previous_question)
previous_button.grid(column=1, row=5)
def previous_question():
global frameNumber
frameNumber -=1
call_frame_frameNumber()
def Next_Button():
next_button = Button(special_frames[1], text = "Next", command = next_question)
next_button.grid(column=2, row=5)
def next_question():
global frameNumber
frameNumber +=1
call_frame_frameNumber()
global frameNumber
frameNumber = 1
問題是python不能將“ call_frame_frameNumber”識別為“ call_frame_X”,其中每次按下按鈕時X都會改變。 我收到錯誤消息:NameError:未定義名稱“ call_frame_frameNumber”
我知道定義全局變量不是最佳實踐,但這是我目前所知道的全部。 如果您能顯示更好的方法,我將不願學習!
這不是很好的編碼實踐,因為幀數量會增加,但是您可以只使用幾個'if'語句來調用每個函數。
例如:
if frameNumber == 1:
call_frame_1()
在查看@PurpleIce的一些評論並嘗試進一步清理我的代碼后,我找到了解決問題的方法。
我更改了代碼,以使每個問題都沒有唯一的call_frame_X,而只有一個帶有frameNumber變量的常規call_frame,如下所示。
def Next_Button():
next_button = Button(special_frames[1], text = "Next Question", command = next_question)
next_button.grid(column=0, columnspan=5, row=3)
def next_question():
global frameNumber
frameNumber +=1
call_frame(frameNumber)
然后,我沒有創建多個create_widgets_in_X_frame,而是創建了一個常規函數,該函數將在每次選擇“下一步”按鈕時進行迭代。
def create_widgets_function(frameNumber):
current_frame=frames[frameNumber] #Make the frame number generic so as to make copy/paste easier. ##UPDATE PER QUESTION##
question_number = "question"+ str(frameNumber)
question_frame_populator(current_frame, question_number)
def call_frame(frameNumber):
all_frames_forget()
create_widgets_in_current_frame =create_widgets_function(frameNumber)
current_frame = frames[frameNumber]
check_remaining_lives(create_widgets_in_current_frame, current_frame)
這有助於減少/合並很多代碼,同時給我一個“下一步”按鈕。
這是更新的代碼:def Part1():
JSON_File = Root_File_Name + "Lessons\\Lesson_1\\"
with open(JSON_File+"Arabic_Lesson_1.json", "r", encoding = "utf-8-sig") as question_file:
data = json.load(question_file)
def create_widgets_in_first_frame(): # Create the label for the frame
current_frame=frames[0] #Make the frame number generic so as to make copy/paste easier. ##UPDATE PER QUESTION##
question_number = "question0"
question_frame_populator(current_frame, question_number)
def question_frame_populator(current_frame, question_number): #This is what displayes all of the information on the frame
questionDirectory = data["lesson 1"]["part one"][question_number] ##UPDATE PER QUESTION## This is the directory for the question.
wronganswer = questionDirectory["wronganswer"] #This is the directory for the wrong answers
question = questionDirectory.get("question") #This is the question text
correctanswer = questionDirectory.get("answer") #This is the answer for whichever question has been selected.
arabic = questionDirectory.get("arabic") #This is the arabic text for the question
transliteration = questionDirectory.get("transliteration")
global var
var = IntVar()
var.set(0) #Sets the initial radiobutton selection to nothing
answers = generate_answers(wronganswer, correctanswer) #Pulls answers generated from the "generate_answers" function
choices = []
for i in range(3):
choice = Radiobutton(current_frame, image=answers[i], variable = var, value=i+1, command= Check_Answer)
choice.image = answers[i]
choices.append(choice)
random.shuffle(choices) #This line of code randomizes the order of the radiobuttons.
choices[0].grid(row=1, column=0)
choices[1].grid(row=1, column=1)
choices[2].grid(row=1, column=2)
L1 = Label(current_frame, text=question, font=("Helvetica", 35)) #This displays the question at the top of the screen
L1.grid(columnspan=4, row=0)
transliteration_button = Button(current_frame, text="Show Transliteration", command= lambda: Transliteration(current_frame, arabic, transliteration)) # Makes the phonetic pronunciation button. #####
transliteration_button.grid(column=0, row=2)
#Previous_Button() # Creates the "previous" button and displays it.
Next_Button() # Creates the "next" button and displays it.
Quit_Button(current_frame) # Creates the "quit" button and displays it.
def Transliteration(current_frame, arabic, transliteration):
Transliteration = Label(current_frame, text="'"+arabic+"'" + " is pronounced " + "'"+transliteration+"'", font=("Helvetica", 35))
Transliteration.grid(row=3, columnspan=4)
def generate_answers(wronganswer, correctanswer):
Wans=random.sample(wronganswer, 2)
images = [os.path.join(ImagePath, f"{Wans[i]}.png") for i in range(2)]
images += [os.path.join(ImagePath, f"{correctanswer}.png")]
answers = [PhotoImage(file=images[i]) for i in range(3)]
return answers
def Check_Answer():
global lives
global score
if str(var.get()) !="3":
special_frames[1].grid_forget() #This is the frame for right answers
special_frames[0].grid(column=1, row=0, padx=20, pady=5, sticky=(tkinter.W, tkinter.E)) #This is the frame for wrong answers
lives -=1
Incorrect = Label(special_frames[0], text ="That's incorrect!\n Lives: " +str(lives) + "\n Score: " + str(score), font=("Helvetica", 35))
Incorrect.grid(row=0, rowspan=2, column=0, columnspan=3)
if str(var.get()) == "3":
score +=1
special_frames[0].grid_forget() #This is the frame for wrong answers
special_frames[1].grid(column=1, row=0, padx=20, pady=5, sticky=(tkinter.W, tkinter.E)) #This is the frame for right answers
Correct = Label(special_frames[1], text = " That's right! \n Lives: " +str(lives)+ "\n Score: " + str(score), font=("Helvetica", 35))
Correct.grid(row=0, rowspan=2, column=0, columnspan=5)
def all_frames_forget():
for i in range(6): #This is for question frames
frames[i].grid_forget()
for i in range(3): #This is for special frames, like the correct and incorrect answer frames
special_frames[i].grid_forget()
def check_remaining_lives(create_widgets_in_current_frame, current_frame):
if lives<= 0:
Zero_Lives()
else:
create_widgets_in_current_frame
current_frame.grid(column=0, row=0, padx=20, pady=5, sticky=(tkinter.W, tkinter.N, tkinter.E))
def Zero_Lives():
special_frames[2].grid(column=0, row=0, padx=20, pady=5, sticky=(tkinter.W, tkinter.E))
L5 = Label(special_frames[2], text="You have no remaining lives. \nPlease quit the lesson and try again.", font=("Helvetica", 35))
L5.grid(columnspan=4, row=0)
quit_button = Button(special_frames[2], text = "Quit", command = root_window.destroy)
quit_button.grid(column=1, columnspan = 2, row=2)
def Quit_Button(current_frame):
quit_button = Button(current_frame, text = "Quit", command = quit_program)
quit_button.grid(column=4, row=2)
def quit_program():
root_window.destroy()
def Next_Button():
next_button = Button(special_frames[1], text = "Next Question", command = next_question)
next_button.grid(column=0, columnspan=5, row=3)
def next_question():
global frameNumber
frameNumber +=1
call_frame(frameNumber)
def create_widgets_function(frameNumber):
current_frame=frames[frameNumber] #Make the frame number generic so as to make copy/paste easier. ##UPDATE PER QUESTION##
question_number = "question"+ str(frameNumber)
question_frame_populator(current_frame, question_number)
def call_frame(frameNumber):
all_frames_forget()
create_widgets_in_current_frame =create_widgets_function(frameNumber)
current_frame = frames[frameNumber]
check_remaining_lives(create_widgets_in_current_frame, current_frame)
def call_frame_1():
all_frames_forget()
create_widgets_in_current_frame = create_widgets_in_first_frame() #This line is unique
current_frame = frames[0] #This line is unique
check_remaining_lives(create_widgets_in_current_frame, current_frame)
##### Program starts here #####
Lesson1_FilePath = Root_File_Name + "Lessons\\Lesson_1\\"
ImagePath = Lesson1_FilePath + "Images\\"
root_window = Tk() # Create the root GUI window.
root_window.title("Lesson 1: Part 1") # Label the root GUI window.
global score
score = 0 #Setting the initial score to zero.
global lives
lives = 3 #Setting the initial number of lives.
global frameNumber
frameNumber = 1
window_width = 200 # Define window size
window_heigth = 100
frames = [] # This includes frames for all questions
for i in range(6):
frame=tkinter.Frame(root_window, width=window_width, height=window_heigth)
frame['borderwidth'] = 2
frame['relief'] = 'sunken'
frame.grid(column=0, row=0, padx=20, pady=5, sticky=(tkinter.W, tkinter.N, tkinter.E))
frames.append(frame)
special_frames=[] #This includes the frames for: wrong answers, right answers, and zero lives
for i in range(3):
special=tkinter.Frame(root_window, width=window_width, height=window_heigth)
special['borderwidth'] = 2
special['relief'] = 'sunken'
special.grid(column=1, row=0, padx=20, pady=5, sticky=(tkinter.W, tkinter.E))
special.grid_forget()
special_frames.append(special)
call_frame_1() #Calls the first function which creates the firist frame
root_window.mainloop()
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