我該如何解決這個問題？ 類型錯誤：主要。<locals> .<lambda> () 缺少 1 個必需的位置參數：'gamepanel'</lambda></locals>

Question

I'm using tkinter to make 2048 game gui, I created this function control_game I want to have it such that anytime I click these keys (up, down, left, right) on my keyboard the control_game function should be called from my main function . 但是每當我運行代碼並按下任何這些鍵時，都會顯示此錯誤： TypeError: main.<locals>.<lambda>() missing 1 required positional argument: 'gamepanel'

我已從此鏈接中閱讀了有關綁定的信息

主function

def main(gamepanel):
    won = False
    lost = False

    get_random(gamepanel)
    get_random(gamepanel)
    gamepanel.update_board()

    while not (won or lost):
        
        gamepanel.root.bind_all("<Key>", lambda event, gamepanel: control_game(event, gamepanel))
        gamepanel.root.focus_set()

        gamepanel.root.mainloop()
        

控制游戲function

def control_game(event, gamepanel):

    
    key_pressed = event.keysym

    if key_pressed == "Up": # Up
        transpose(gamepanel)
        compress(gamepanel)
        merge(gamepanel)
        compress(gamepanel)
        transpose(gamepanel)
    elif key_pressed == "Down": #Down
        transpose(gamepanel)
        reverse(gamepanel)
        compress(gamepanel)
        merge(gamepanel)
        compress(gamepanel)
        reverse(gamepanel)
        transpose(gamepanel)
    elif key_pressed == "Left": #Left
        compress(gamepanel)
        merge(gamepanel)
        compress(gamepanel)
    elif key_pressed == "Right": # Right
        reverse(gamepanel)
        compress(gamepanel)
        merge(gamepanel)
        compress(gamepanel)
        reverse(gamepanel)

這是我的板 class：

class Board(Frame):
    def __init__(self):
        self.FOREGROUND_COLOR = {
            2: "#776e65",
            4: "#776e65",
            8: "#f9f6f2",
            16: "#f9f6f2",
            32: "#f9f6f2",
            64: "#f9f6f2",
            128: "#f9f6f2",
            256: "#f9f6f2",
            512: "#f9f6f2",
            1024: "#f9f6f2",
            2048: "#f9f6f2",
            4096: "#776e65",
            8192: "#f9f6f2",
            16384: "#776e65",
            32768: "#776e65",
            65536: "#f9f6f2",
        }

        self.BACKGROUND_COLOR = {
            2: "#eee4da",
            4: "#ede0c8",
            8: "#f2b179",
            16: "#f59563",
            32: "#f67c5f",
            64: "#f65e3b",
            128: "#edcf72",
            256: "#edcc61",
            512: "#edc850",
            1024: "#edc53f",
            2048: "#edc22e",
            4096: "#eee4da",
            8192: "#edc22e",
            16384: "#f2b179",
            32768: "#f59563",
            65536: "#f67c5f",
        }
        self.boardSize = 4

        self.moved = False
        self.merged = False
        self.compressed = False
        self.gameMatrix = []
        self.gameTile = [self.boardSize * [0] for _ in range(self.boardSize)]
        self.score = 0

        self.root = Tk()
        self.root.title("2048 by denstream-io")
   
        self.windowStyle = ttk.Style()
        self.windowStyle.configure(
            "Grid.TFrame",
            background="#92877D",  # BBADAO
            boderwidth=5,
            relief="raised",
            width="500p",
            height="500p",
        )

        self.cellStyle = ttk.Style()
        self.cellStyle.configure(
            "Cell.TFrame",
            # background="yellow",#EEE4DA
            boderwidth=5,
        )

        self.labelStyle = ttk.Style()
        self.labelStyle.configure(
            "Label.TLabel",
            anchor="center",
        )

        self.gameWindow = ttk.Frame(self.root, style="Grid.TFrame")
        self.gameWindow.grid(sticky=(N, W, E, S))

        for i in range(int(self.boardSize)):
            labeled_row = []
            for j in range(int(self.boardSize)):
                self.gameCell = ttk.Frame(
                    self.gameWindow, relief="raised", style="Cell.TFrame"
                )
                self.gameCell.grid(column=i, row=j, sticky=(N, W, E, S))
                self.eachLabel = ttk.Label(
                    self.gameWindow, text="", style="Label.TLabel"
                )
                self.eachLabel.grid(column=i, row=j, sticky=(N, W, E, S))
                labeled_row.append(self.eachLabel)
            self.gameMatrix.append(labeled_row)


        for child in self.gameWindow.winfo_children():
            child.grid_configure(padx=5, pady=5, ipadx="25p", ipady="25p")

    def update_board(self):

        for i in range(self.boardSize):
            for j in range(self.boardSize):
                if self.gameTile[i][j] == 0:
                    self.gameMatrix[i][j].configure(
                        text="", background="#9E948A"
                    ) 
                else:
                    self.gameMatrix[i][j].configure(
                        text=str(self.gameTile[i][j]),
                        background=self.BACKGROUND_COLOR[self.gameTile[i][j]],
                        foreground=self.FOREGROUND_COLOR[self.gameTile[i][j]],
                    )

整個追溯：

Exception in Tkinter callback
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Users\dennis-lc\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\tkinter\__init__.py", line 1921, in __call__
    return self.func(*args)
TypeError: main.<locals>.<lambda>() missing 1 required positional argument: 'gamepanel'

每當我退出游戲框架時，都會顯示此錯誤：

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Users\dennis-lc\Desktop\denstream-io\games\2048\2048\project.py", line 363, in <module>
    main(gamepanel)
  File "C:\Users\dennis-lc\Desktop\denstream-io\games\2048\2048\project.py", line 143, in main
    gamepanel.root.bind_all("<Key>", lambda event, gamepanel: control_game(event, gamepanel))
  File "C:\Users\dennis-lc\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\tkinter\__init__.py", line 1435, in bind_all
    return self._bind(('bind', 'all'), sequence, func, add, 0)
  File "C:\Users\dennis-lc\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\tkinter\__init__.py", line 1375, in _bind
    self.tk.call(what + (sequence, cmd))
_tkinter.TclError: can't invoke "bind" command: application has been destroyed

我在文件末尾的代碼：

if __name__ == '__main__':
    gamepanel = Board()
    main(gamepanel)

Answer 1

當觸發事件回調時，tkinter 會傳遞一個包含事件信息的位置參數。

這是您的 lambda 定義：

lambda event, gamepanel: control_game(event, gamepanel))

大致相當於這樣：

def something(event, gamepanel):
    control_game(event, gamepanel)

注意它需要兩個參數： event和gamepanel 。 由於 tkinter 僅傳遞一個參數，因此您會收到錯誤missing 1 required positional argument: 'gamepanel' ，它准確地描述了問題。

解決方案是將位置參數轉換為具有默認值的關鍵字參數：

lambda event, gamepanel=gamepanel: control_game(event, gamepanel))
#                      ^^^^^^^^^^

Tkinter 將傳遞單個位置參數event ，而另一個參數將被賦予默認值。

錯誤can't invoke "bind" command: application has been destroyed再次准確描述了問題。 考慮這段代碼：

while not (won or lost):
    
    gamepanel.root.bind_all("<Key>", lambda event, gamepanel: control_game(event, gamepanel))
    gamepanel.root.focus_set()

    gamepanel.root.mainloop()

當 window 被破壞時， gamepanel.root.mainloop()將退出。 當它退出時， while循環將 go 進行第二次迭代。 在該迭代中，您嘗試對剛剛被破壞的 window 進行綁定。 因此， can't invoke "bind" command: application has been destroyed 。

解決方案是移除循環。 幾乎沒有理由在循環中調用mainloop 。 如果您覺得需要，那么您需要確保每次迭代都重新創建 window。