WCF性能，延遲和可伸縮性

Question

我正在嘗試將F＃中的簡單異步TCP服務器移植到C＃4。服務器接收連接，讀取單個請求並在關閉連接之前回送一系列響應。

C＃4中的異步看起來很乏味且容易出錯，所以我想我會嘗試使用WCF。 該服務器不太可能在野外看到1,000個同時發出的請求，因此我認為吞吐量和延遲都很重要。

我在C＃中編寫了一個最小的雙工WCF Web服務和控制台客戶端。 雖然我使用的是WCF而不是原始套接字，但這已經是175行代碼，而原始版本只有80行。 但我更關注性能和可擴展性：

• WCF的延遲是154倍。
• WCF的吞吐量低54倍。
• TCP可以輕松處理1,000個並發連接，但WCF僅在20個時間內阻塞。

首先，我正在使用所有內容的默認設置，所以我想知道是否有任何我可以調整來改善這些性能數據？

其次，我想知道是否有人正在使用WCF進行此類事情，或者它是否是錯誤的工具？

這是我在C＃中的WCF服務器：

IService1.cs

[DataContract]
public class Stock
{
  [DataMember]
  public DateTime FirstDealDate { get; set; }
  [DataMember]
  public DateTime LastDealDate { get; set; }
  [DataMember]
  public DateTime StartDate { get; set; }
  [DataMember]
  public DateTime EndDate { get; set; }
  [DataMember]
  public decimal Open { get; set; }
  [DataMember]
  public decimal High { get; set; }
  [DataMember]
  public decimal Low { get; set; }
  [DataMember]
  public decimal Close { get; set; }
  [DataMember]
  public decimal VolumeWeightedPrice { get; set; }
  [DataMember]
  public decimal TotalQuantity { get; set; }
}

[ServiceContract(CallbackContract = typeof(IPutStock))]
public interface IStock
{
  [OperationContract]
  void GetStocks();
}

public interface IPutStock
{
  [OperationContract]
  void PutStock(Stock stock);
}

Service1.svc

<%@ ServiceHost Language="C#" Debug="true" Service="DuplexWcfService2.Stocks" CodeBehind="Service1.svc.cs" %>

Service1.svc.cs

 [ServiceBehavior(ConcurrencyMode = ConcurrencyMode.Multiple)]
 public class Stocks : IStock
 {
   IPutStock callback;

   #region IStock Members
   public void GetStocks()
   {
     callback = OperationContext.Current.GetCallbackChannel<IPutStock>();
     Stock st = null;
     st = new Stock
     {
       FirstDealDate = System.DateTime.Now,
       LastDealDate = System.DateTime.Now,
       StartDate = System.DateTime.Now,
       EndDate = System.DateTime.Now,
       Open = 495,
       High = 495,
       Low = 495,
       Close = 495,
       VolumeWeightedPrice = 495,
       TotalQuantity = 495
     };
     for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
       callback.PutStock(st);
   }
   #endregion
 }

Web.config

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<configuration>
  <system.web>
    <compilation debug="true" targetFramework="4.0" />
  </system.web>
  <system.serviceModel>
    <services>
      <service name="DuplexWcfService2.Stocks">
        <endpoint address="" binding="wsDualHttpBinding" contract="DuplexWcfService2.IStock">
          <identity>
            <dns value="localhost"/>
          </identity>
        </endpoint>
        <endpoint address="mex" binding="mexHttpBinding" contract="IMetadataExchange"/>
      </service>
    </services>
    <behaviors>
      <serviceBehaviors>
        <behavior>
          <serviceMetadata httpGetEnabled="true"/>
          <serviceDebug includeExceptionDetailInFaults="true"/>
        </behavior>
      </serviceBehaviors>
    </behaviors>
    <serviceHostingEnvironment multipleSiteBindingsEnabled="true" />
  </system.serviceModel>
  <system.webServer>
    <modules runAllManagedModulesForAllRequests="true"/>
  </system.webServer>
</configuration>

這是C＃WCF客戶端：

Program.cs

 [CallbackBehavior(ConcurrencyMode = ConcurrencyMode.Multiple, UseSynchronizationContext = false)]
 class Callback : DuplexWcfService2.IStockCallback
 {
   System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch timer;
   int n;

   public Callback(System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch t)
   {
     timer = t;
     n = 0;
   }

   public void PutStock(DuplexWcfService2.Stock st)
   {
     ++n;
     if (n == 1)
       Console.WriteLine("First result in " + this.timer.Elapsed.TotalSeconds + "s");
     if (n == 1000)
       Console.WriteLine("1,000 results in " + this.timer.Elapsed.TotalSeconds + "s");
   }
 }

 class Program
 {
   static void Test(int i)
   {
     var timer = System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.StartNew();
     var ctx = new InstanceContext(new Callback(timer));
     var proxy = new DuplexWcfService2.StockClient(ctx);
     proxy.GetStocks();
     Console.WriteLine(i + " connected");
   }

   static void Main(string[] args)
   {
     for (int i=0; i<10; ++i)
     {
       int j = i;
       new System.Threading.Thread(() => Test(j)).Start();
     }
   }
 }

這是我在F＃中的異步TCP客戶端和服務器代碼：

type AggregatedDeals =
  {
    FirstDealTime: System.DateTime
    LastDealTime: System.DateTime
    StartTime: System.DateTime
    EndTime: System.DateTime
    Open: decimal
    High: decimal
    Low: decimal
    Close: decimal
    VolumeWeightedPrice: decimal
    TotalQuantity: decimal
  }

let read (stream: System.IO.Stream) = async {
  let! header = stream.AsyncRead 4
  let length = System.BitConverter.ToInt32(header, 0)
  let! body = stream.AsyncRead length
  let fmt = System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary.BinaryFormatter()
  use stream = new System.IO.MemoryStream(body)
  return fmt.Deserialize(stream)
}

let write (stream: System.IO.Stream) value = async {
  let body =
    let fmt = System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary.BinaryFormatter()
    use stream = new System.IO.MemoryStream()
    fmt.Serialize(stream, value)
    stream.ToArray()
  let header = System.BitConverter.GetBytes body.Length
  do! stream.AsyncWrite header
  do! stream.AsyncWrite body
}

let endPoint = System.Net.IPEndPoint(System.Net.IPAddress.Loopback, 4502)

let server() = async {
  let listener = System.Net.Sockets.TcpListener(endPoint)
  listener.Start()
  while true do
    let client = listener.AcceptTcpClient()
    async {
      use stream = client.GetStream()
      let! _ = stream.AsyncRead 1
      for i in 1..1000 do
        let aggregatedDeals =
          {
            FirstDealTime = System.DateTime.Now
            LastDealTime = System.DateTime.Now
            StartTime = System.DateTime.Now
            EndTime = System.DateTime.Now
            Open = 1m
            High = 1m
            Low = 1m
            Close = 1m
            VolumeWeightedPrice = 1m
            TotalQuantity = 1m
          }
        do! write stream aggregatedDeals
    } |> Async.Start
}

let client() = async {
  let timer = System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.StartNew()
  use client = new System.Net.Sockets.TcpClient()
  client.Connect endPoint
  use stream = client.GetStream()
  do! stream.AsyncWrite [|0uy|]
  for i in 1..1000 do
    let! _ = read stream
    if i=1 then lock stdout (fun () ->
      printfn "First result in %fs" timer.Elapsed.TotalSeconds)
  lock stdout (fun () ->
    printfn "1,000 results in %fs" timer.Elapsed.TotalSeconds)
}

do
  server() |> Async.Start
  seq { for i in 1..100 -> client() }
  |> Async.Parallel
  |> Async.RunSynchronously
  |> ignore

Answer 1

WCF幾乎為所有默認值選擇非常安全的值。 這遵循的理念是不要讓新手開發者自己開槍。 但是，如果您知道要更改的限制和要使用的綁定，則可以獲得合理的性能和擴展。

在我的核心i5-2400（四核，無超線程，3.10 GHz）上，下面的解決方案將運行1000個客戶端，每個客戶端有1000個回調，平均總運行時間為20秒。 這是20秒內的1,000,000次WCF呼叫。

不幸的是，我無法讓你的F＃程序直接進行比較。 如果你在你的盒子上運行我的解決方案，你能否發布一些F＃vs C＃WCF性能比較數字？

---

免責聲明 ：以下內容旨在成為概念證明。 其中一些設置對於生產沒有意義。

我做了什么：

• 刪除了雙工綁定，並讓客戶端創建自己的服務主機以接收回調。 這實際上是雙重綁定在引擎蓋下進行的操作。 （這也是Pratik的建議）
• 將綁定更改為netTcpBinding。
• 更改了限制值：
  • WCF：maxConcurrentCalls，maxConcurrentSessions， maxConcurrentInstances all to 1000
  • TCP綁定 ：maxConnections = 1000
  • Threadpool：最小工作線程數= 1000，最小IO線程數= 2000
• 將IsOneWay添加到服務操作中

請注意，在此原型中，所有服務和客戶端都位於同一App Domain中並共享相同的線程池。

我學到的是：

• 當客戶端獲得“因為目標機器主動拒絕它而無法建立連接”時例外
  • 可能的原因：
    1. 已達到WCF限制
    2. 已達到TCP限制
    3. 沒有可用於處理呼叫的I / O線程。
  • ＃3的解決方案是：
    1. 增加最小IO線程數 - 或 -
    2. 讓StockService在工作線程上執行其回調（這會增加總運行時間）
• 添加IsOneWay可將運行時間減半（從40秒到20秒）。

程序輸出在核心i5-2400上運行。 請注意，計時器的使用方式與原始問題的使用方式不同（請參閱代碼）。

All client hosts open.
Service Host opened. Starting timer...
Press ENTER to close the host one you see 'ALL DONE'.
Client #100 completed 1,000 results in 0.0542168 s
Client #200 completed 1,000 results in 0.0794684 s
Client #300 completed 1,000 results in 0.0673078 s
Client #400 completed 1,000 results in 0.0527753 s
Client #500 completed 1,000 results in 0.0581796 s
Client #600 completed 1,000 results in 0.0770291 s
Client #700 completed 1,000 results in 0.0681298 s
Client #800 completed 1,000 results in 0.0649353 s
Client #900 completed 1,000 results in 0.0714947 s
Client #1000 completed 1,000 results in 0.0450857 s
ALL DONE. Total number of clients: 1000 Total runtime: 19323 msec

在一個控制台應用程序文件中編碼：

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ServiceModel;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Threading;
using System.Runtime.Serialization;

namespace StockApp
{
    [DataContract]
    public class Stock
    {
        [DataMember]
        public DateTime FirstDealDate { get; set; }
        [DataMember]
        public DateTime LastDealDate { get; set; }
        [DataMember]
        public DateTime StartDate { get; set; }
        [DataMember]
        public DateTime EndDate { get; set; }
        [DataMember]
        public decimal Open { get; set; }
        [DataMember]
        public decimal High { get; set; }
        [DataMember]
        public decimal Low { get; set; }
        [DataMember]
        public decimal Close { get; set; }
        [DataMember]
        public decimal VolumeWeightedPrice { get; set; }
        [DataMember]
        public decimal TotalQuantity { get; set; }
    }

    [ServiceContract]
    public interface IStock
    {
        [OperationContract(IsOneWay = true)]
        void GetStocks(string address);
    }

    [ServiceContract]
    public interface IPutStock
    {
        [OperationContract(IsOneWay = true)]
        void PutStock(Stock stock);
    } 

    [ServiceBehavior(InstanceContextMode = InstanceContextMode.PerCall)]
    public class StocksService : IStock
    {
        public void SendStocks(object obj)
        {
            string address = (string)obj;
            ChannelFactory<IPutStock> factory = new ChannelFactory<IPutStock>("CallbackClientEndpoint");
            IPutStock callback = factory.CreateChannel(new EndpointAddress(address));

            Stock st = null; st = new Stock
            {
                FirstDealDate = System.DateTime.Now,
                LastDealDate = System.DateTime.Now,
                StartDate = System.DateTime.Now,
                EndDate = System.DateTime.Now,
                Open = 495,
                High = 495,
                Low = 495,
                Close = 495,
                VolumeWeightedPrice = 495,
                TotalQuantity = 495
            };

            for (int i = 0; i < 1000; ++i)
                callback.PutStock(st);

            //Console.WriteLine("Done calling {0}", address);

            ((ICommunicationObject)callback).Shutdown();
            factory.Shutdown();
        }

        public void GetStocks(string address)
        {
            /// WCF service methods execute on IO threads. 
            /// Passing work off to worker thread improves service responsiveness... with a measurable cost in total runtime.
            System.Threading.ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem(new System.Threading.WaitCallback(SendStocks), address);

            // SendStocks(address);
        }
    } 

    [ServiceBehavior(InstanceContextMode = InstanceContextMode.PerSession)]
    public class Callback : IPutStock
    {
        public static int CallbacksCompleted = 0;
        System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch timer = Stopwatch.StartNew();
        int n = 0;

        public void PutStock(Stock st)
        {
            ++n;
            if (n == 1000)
            {
                //Console.WriteLine("1,000 results in " + this.timer.Elapsed.TotalSeconds + "s");

                int compelted = Interlocked.Increment(ref CallbacksCompleted);
                if (compelted % 100 == 0)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Client #{0} completed 1,000 results in {1} s", compelted, this.timer.Elapsed.TotalSeconds);

                    if (compelted == Program.CLIENT_COUNT)
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine("ALL DONE. Total number of clients: {0} Total runtime: {1} msec", Program.CLIENT_COUNT, Program.ProgramTimer.ElapsedMilliseconds);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    class Program
    {
        public const int CLIENT_COUNT = 1000;           // TEST WITH DIFFERENT VALUES

        public static System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch ProgramTimer;

        static void StartCallPool(object uriObj)
        {
            string callbackUri = (string)uriObj;
            ChannelFactory<IStock> factory = new ChannelFactory<IStock>("StockClientEndpoint");
            IStock proxy = factory.CreateChannel();

            proxy.GetStocks(callbackUri);

            ((ICommunicationObject)proxy).Shutdown();
            factory.Shutdown();
        }

        static void Test()
        {
            ThreadPool.SetMinThreads(CLIENT_COUNT, CLIENT_COUNT * 2);

            // Create all the hosts that will recieve call backs.
            List<ServiceHost> callBackHosts = new List<ServiceHost>();
            for (int i = 0; i < CLIENT_COUNT; ++i)
            {
                string port = string.Format("{0}", i).PadLeft(3, '0');
                string baseAddress = "net.tcp://localhost:7" + port + "/";
                ServiceHost callbackHost = new ServiceHost(typeof(Callback), new Uri[] { new Uri( baseAddress)});
                callbackHost.Open();
                callBackHosts.Add(callbackHost);            
            }
            Console.WriteLine("All client hosts open.");

            ServiceHost stockHost = new ServiceHost(typeof(StocksService));
            stockHost.Open();

            Console.WriteLine("Service Host opened. Starting timer...");
            ProgramTimer = Stopwatch.StartNew();

            foreach (var callbackHost in callBackHosts)
            {
                ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem(new WaitCallback(StartCallPool), callbackHost.BaseAddresses[0].AbsoluteUri);
            }

            Console.WriteLine("Press ENTER to close the host once you see 'ALL DONE'.");
            Console.ReadLine();

            foreach (var h in callBackHosts)
                h.Shutdown();
            stockHost.Shutdown(); 
        }

        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Test();
        }
    }

    public static class Extensions
    {
        static public void Shutdown(this ICommunicationObject obj)
        {
            try
            {
                obj.Close();
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Shutdown exception: {0}", ex.Message);
                obj.Abort();
            }
        }
    }
}

的app.config：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<configuration>
  <system.serviceModel>
    <services>
      <service name="StockApp.StocksService">
        <host>
          <baseAddresses>
            <add baseAddress="net.tcp://localhost:8123/StockApp/"/>
          </baseAddresses>
        </host>
        <endpoint address="" binding="netTcpBinding" bindingConfiguration="tcpConfig" contract="StockApp.IStock">
          <identity>
            <dns value="localhost"/>
          </identity>
        </endpoint>
      </service>

      <service name="StockApp.Callback">
        <host>
          <baseAddresses>
            <!-- Base address defined at runtime. -->
          </baseAddresses>
        </host>
        <endpoint address="" binding="netTcpBinding" bindingConfiguration="tcpConfig" contract="StockApp.IPutStock">
          <identity>
            <dns value="localhost"/>
          </identity>
        </endpoint>
      </service>
    </services>

    <client>
      <endpoint name="StockClientEndpoint"
                address="net.tcp://localhost:8123/StockApp/"
                                binding="netTcpBinding"
                bindingConfiguration="tcpConfig"
                                contract="StockApp.IStock" >
      </endpoint>

      <!-- CallbackClientEndpoint address defined at runtime. -->
      <endpoint name="CallbackClientEndpoint"
                binding="netTcpBinding"
                bindingConfiguration="tcpConfig"
                contract="StockApp.IPutStock" >
      </endpoint>
    </client>

    <behaviors>
      <serviceBehaviors>
        <behavior>
          <!--<serviceMetadata httpGetEnabled="true"/>-->
          <serviceDebug includeExceptionDetailInFaults="true"/>
          <serviceThrottling maxConcurrentCalls="1000" maxConcurrentSessions="1000" maxConcurrentInstances="1000" />
        </behavior>
      </serviceBehaviors>
    </behaviors>

    <bindings>
      <netTcpBinding>
        <binding name="tcpConfig" listenBacklog="100" maxConnections="1000">
          <security mode="None"/>
          <reliableSession enabled="false" />
        </binding>
      </netTcpBinding>
    </bindings>
  </system.serviceModel>
</configuration>

---

更新 ：我剛剛使用netNamedPipeBinding嘗試了上述解決方案：

  <netNamedPipeBinding >
    <binding name="pipeConfig" maxConnections="1000" >
      <security mode="None"/>
    </binding>
  </netNamedPipeBinding>

它實際上慢了3秒（從20秒到23秒）。 由於這個特定的例子都是進程間的，我不知道為什么。 如果有人有一些見解，請發表評論。

Answer 2

要先回答第二個問題，與原始套接字相比，WCF總是會有開銷。 但與原始套接字相比，它具有大量功能（如安全性，可靠性，互操作性，多種傳輸協議，跟蹤等），無論您是否接受權衡取決於您的方案。 看起來你正在做一些金融交易應用程序而且WCF可能不適合你的情況（雖然我不是在金融行業用經驗來證明這一點）。

對於您的第一個問題，請嘗試在客戶端中托管單獨的WCF服務，而不是雙http綁定，以便客戶端可以自己成為服務，並在可能的情況下使用netTCP綁定。 調整服務行為中serviceThrottling元素中的屬性。 .Net 4之前的默認值較低。

Answer 3

我會說這取決於你的目標。 如果你想盡可能地推動你的硬件，那么當然可以輕松地獲得10,000多個連接的客戶端，秘訣是最大限度地減少在垃圾收集器中花費的時間並有效地使用套接字。

我在F＃的Sockets上有一些帖子： http ： //moiraesoftware.com

我正在做一個名為Fracture-IO的庫的正在進行的工作： https ： //github.com/fractureio/fracture

您可能想要檢查那些想法......