C ++虚拟函数与成员函数指针（性能比较）

Question

Virtual function calls can be slow due to virtual calls requiring an extra indexed deference to the v-table, which can result in a data cache miss as well as an instruction cache miss... Not good for performance critical applications.

So I have been thinking of a way to overcome this performance issue of virtual functions yet still having some of the same functionality that virtual functions provide.

I am confident that this has been done before, but I devised a simple test that allows the base class to store a member function pointer that can be set by any the derived class. And when I call Foo() on any derived class, it will call the appropriate member function without having to traverse the v-table...

I am just wondering if this method is a viable replacement for the virtual-call paradigm, if so, why is it not more ubiquitous?

Thanks in advance for your time! :)

class BaseClass
{
protected:

    // member function pointer
    typedef void(BaseClass::*FooMemFuncPtr)();
    FooMemFuncPtr m_memfn_ptr_Foo;

    void FooBaseClass() 
    {
        printf("FooBaseClass() \n");
    }

public:

    BaseClass()
    {
        m_memfn_ptr_Foo = &BaseClass::FooBaseClass;
    }

    void Foo()
    {
        ((*this).*m_memfn_ptr_Foo)();
    }
};

class DerivedClass : public BaseClass
{
protected:

    void FooDeriveddClass()
    {
        printf("FooDeriveddClass() \n");
    }

public:

    DerivedClass() : BaseClass()
    {
        m_memfn_ptr_Foo = (FooMemFuncPtr)&DerivedClass::FooDeriveddClass;
    }
};

int main(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
    DerivedClass derived_inst;
    derived_inst.Foo(); // "FooDeriveddClass()"

    BaseClass base_inst;
    base_inst.Foo(); // "FooBaseClass()"

    BaseClass * derived_heap_inst = new DerivedClass;
    derived_heap_inst->Foo();

    return 0;
}

Answer 1

I did a test, and the version using virtual function calls was faster on my system with optimization.

$ time ./main 1
Using member pointer

real    0m3.343s
user    0m3.340s
sys     0m0.002s

$ time ./main 2
Using virtual function call

real    0m2.227s
user    0m2.219s
sys     0m0.006s

Here is the code:

#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
#include <stdio.h>

struct BaseClass
{
    typedef void(BaseClass::*FooMemFuncPtr)();
    FooMemFuncPtr m_memfn_ptr_Foo;

    void FooBaseClass() { }

    BaseClass()
    {
        m_memfn_ptr_Foo = &BaseClass::FooBaseClass;
    }

    void Foo()
    {
        ((*this).*m_memfn_ptr_Foo)();
    }
};

struct DerivedClass : public BaseClass
{
    void FooDerivedClass() { }

    DerivedClass() : BaseClass()
    {
        m_memfn_ptr_Foo = (FooMemFuncPtr)&DerivedClass::FooDerivedClass;
    }
};

struct VBaseClass {
  virtual void Foo() = 0;
};

struct VDerivedClass : VBaseClass {
  virtual void Foo() { }
};

static const size_t count = 1000000000;

static void f1(BaseClass* bp)
{
  for (size_t i=0; i!=count; ++i) {
    bp->Foo();
  }
}

static void f2(VBaseClass* bp)
{
  for (size_t i=0; i!=count; ++i) {
    bp->Foo();
  }
}

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    int test = atoi(argv[1]);
    switch (test) {
        case 1:
        {
            std::cerr << "Using member pointer\n";
            DerivedClass d;
            f1(&d);
            break;
        }
        case 2:
        {
            std::cerr << "Using virtual function call\n";
            VDerivedClass d;
            f2(&d);
            break;
        }
    }

    return 0;
}

Compiled using:

g++ -O2    main.cpp   -o main

with g++ 4.7.2.

Answer 2

Virtual function calls can be slow due to virtual calls having to traverse the v-table,

That's not quite correct. The vtable should be computed on object construction, with each virtual function pointer set to the most specialized version in the hierarchy. The process of calling a virtual function does not iterate pointers but call something like *(vtbl_address + 8)(args); , which is computed in constant time.

which can result in a data cache miss as well as an instruction cache miss... Not good for performance critical applications.

Your solution is not good for performance critical applications (in general) either, because it is generic.

As a rule, performance critical applications are optimized on a per-case basis (measure, pick code with worst performance problems within module and optimize).

With this per-case approach, you will probably never have a case where your code is slow because the compiler has to traverse a vtbl. If that is the case, the slowness would probably come from calling functions through pointers instead of directly (ie the problem would be solved by inlining, not by adding an extra pointer in the base class).

All this is academic anyway, until you have a concrete case to optimize (and you have measured that your worst offender is virtual function calls).

Edit :

I am just wondering if this method is a viable replacement for the virtual-call paradigm, if so, why is it not more ubiquitous?

Because it looks like a generic solution (applying it ubiquitously would decrease performance instead of improving it), solving a non-existent problem (your application is generally not slowed down due to virtual function calls).

Answer 3

Virtual functions do not "traverse" the table, just do a single fetch of a pointer from a location and call that address. That as if you had a manual implementation of a pointer-to-funciton and used that for a call instead of a direct one.

So your work is only good for obfuscation, and sabotage the cases where the compiler can issue nonvirtual direct call.

Using a pointer-to-memberfunction is probably even worse than PTF, it will likely use the same VMT structure for an similar offseted access, just a variable one instead of fixed.

Answer 4

Mostly because it doesn't work. Most modern CPUs are better at branch prediction and speculative execution than you think. However I have yet to see a CPU that do speculative execution beyond a non-static branch.

Furthermore in a modern CPU you are more likely to have a cache miss because you had a context switch just prior to the call and another program took over the cache than you are because of a v-table, even this scenario is a very remote possiblity.

Answer 5

Actually some compilers may use thunks , which translate to ordinary function pointers themselves, so basically the compiler does for you what you are trying to do manually (and probably confuse the hell out of people).

Also, having a pointer to virtual function table, the space complexity of virtual function is O(1) (just the pointer). On the other hand, if you store function pointers within the class, then the complexity is O(N) (your class now contains as many pointers as there are "virtual" functions). If there are many functions, you are paying toll for that - when pre-fetching your object, you are loading all the pointers in the cache line, instead of just a single pointer and the first few members which you are likely to need. That sounds like a waste.

The virtual function table, on the other hand, sits in one place for all the objects of one type and is likely never pushed out of the cache while your code calls some short virtual functions in a loop (which is presumably the problem when virtual function cost would become the bottleneck).

As to the branch prediction, in some cases a simple decision tree over object type and inlined functions for each particular type give good performance (then you store type information instead of a pointer). This is not applicable to all types of problems and would be mostly a premature optimization.

As a rule of thumb, don't worry about the language constructs because they seem unfamiliar. Worry and optimize only after you have measured and identified where the bottleneck really is.