广义的“折叠”或如何一次执行“折叠”和“地图”

Question

(Apology by the title, I can't do better)

My question is to find some generalized struct or "standard" function to perform the next thing:

xmap :: (a -> b) -> f a -> g b

then, we can map not only elements, by also the entire struct.

Some (not real) example

xmap id myBinaryTree :: [a]

at the moment, I must to do a explicit structure conversor (typical fromList , toList ) then

toList . fmap id   -- if source struct has map
fmap id . fromList -- if destination struct has map

(to perform toStruct , fromStruct I use fold ).

Exists some way to generalize to / from structs? (should be) Exists that function ( xmap )?

Thank you!! :)

Answer 1

As f and g are functors, a natural transformation is what you're looking for (see also You Could Have Defined Natural Transformations ). So a transformation like

f :~> g = forall a. f a -> g a 

is needed to create xmap which is then just

xmap :: (a -> b) -> (f :~> g) -> (f a -> g b)
xmap f n = map f . n

You still need to define types of (f :~> g) , but there' not a general way of doing that.

Answer 2

I'd like to add to tel's answer (I got my idea only after reading it) that in many cases you can make general natural transformation that will work similarly to foldMap . If we can use foldMap , we know that f is Foldable . Then we need some way how to constructs elements of ga and combine them together. We can use Alternative for that, it has all we need ( pure , empty and <|> ), although we could also construct some less general type class for this purpose (we don't need <*> anywhere).

{-# LANGUAGE TypeOperators, RankNTypes #-}
import Prelude hiding (foldr)
import Control.Applicative
import Data.Foldable

type f :~> g = forall a. f a -> g a

nt :: (Functor f, Foldable f, Alternative g) => f :~> g
nt = foldr ((<|>) . pure) empty

Then using tel's xmap

xmap :: (a -> b) -> (f :~> g) -> (f a -> g b)
xmap f n = map f . n

we can do things like

> xmap (+1) nt (Just 1) :: [Int]
[2]