从类调用时，Python描述符返回自身不是值

Question

I want to make an attribute accessible from instance and class that cannot be reassigned. I have the "prevent from reassigned" part tackled thanks to a metaclass. However, now the attribute cannot be read from the class. How to make it so.

Having this:

class Meta(type):
    def __setattr__(cls, attr, val):
        if attr =="frozen":
            print "You can't unfreeze the frozen"
        else:
            cls.name = val


class Fixed(object):
    __metaclass__ = Meta
    frzn = 'I AM AWESOME'
    def holdset(_,val):
        _.frzn = _.frzn
        print "frozen is frozen not setting to ", val

    def get(_):
        return _.frzn
    frozen = property(fset=holdset,fget=get)

When calling

print Fixed.frozen
print Fixed().frozen

Gives

<property object at 0x106dbeba8>
I AM AWESOME

Why doesn't it give the same? How to make it give the same?

Answer 1

A property normally only works on an instance. To make a property work on a class too, you'll need to create your own descriptor instead:

class ClassAndInstanceProperty(object):
    def __init__(self, fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None):
        self.fget = fget
        self.fset = fset
        self.fdel = fdel
        if doc is None and fget is not None:
            doc = fget.__doc__
        self.__doc__ = doc

    def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
        if obj is None:
            obj = objtype
        if self.fget is None:
            raise AttributeError("unreadable attribute")
        return self.fget(obj)

    def __set__(self, obj, value):
        if self.fset is None:
            raise AttributeError("can't set attribute")
        self.fset(obj, value)

    def __delete__(self, obj):
        if self.fdel is None:
            raise AttributeError("can't delete attribute")
        self.fdel(obj)

    def getter(self, fget):
        return type(self)(fget, self.fset, self.fdel, self.__doc__)

    def setter(self, fset):
        return type(self)(self.fget, fset, self.fdel, self.__doc__)

    def deleter(self, fdel):
        return type(self)(self.fget, self.fset, fdel, self.__doc__)

The only difference between the above and a regular property is in the __get__ method; a normal property object does (in C) the equivalent of:

def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
    if obj is None:
        return self
    if self.fget is None:
        raise AttributeError("unreadable attribute")
    return self.fget(obj)

eg on a class the descriptor returns self , while my version sets obj to objtype in that case.

Also note that a descriptor __set__ method is only called when working with an instance; Fixed.frozen = 'something' would not invoke the descriptor __set__ , only Fixed().frozen = 'something' would. Your metaclass __setattr__ intercepts the attribute assignment on the class instead.

You could also put a descriptor object on the metaclass , which would then be given the opportunity to have it's __set__ called for attribute assignment on the class itself.

Answer 2

By convention a Python descriptor returns itself when not called with an instance. Properties are just a shortcut for a descriptor, to do this you need to implement your own descriptor. The following should do what you want, without needing a metaclass:

class Frozen(object):
    def __init__(self, fixed_value):
        self.fixed_value = fixed_value

    def __get__(self, instance, owner=None):
        return self.fixed_value

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        print "You can't unfreeze the frozen"


class Fixed(object):
    frzn = Frozen("I AM AWESOME")

You would also probably want to override the delete method which is part of the descriptor interface. There are some good articles explaining exactly how descriptors work.