Ruby eigenclass意外行为

Question

First, let's add a method to retrieve eigenclass "copied from this blog post "

class Object 
  def eigenclass 
    class << self
      self
    end 
  end 
end

Then create a simple class

class A
end

puts A.new.eigenclass.superclass      # => A
puts Class.new.eigenclass.superclass  # => #<Class:Object>

I was expecting the second puts to output Class

Any clue why this happened?

Answer 1

By puts A.new.eigenclass.superclass , you are effectively calling #eigenclass on the instance of class A. I will begin with backstory to explain how eigenclass actually works, and will then proceed to tell what is happening in your code.

BackStory:

EigenClass is a hidden class which contains the singleton methods available for that specific object only.

So for obj = Foo.new , the class hierarchy actually looks like:

obj --eigenclass--> #> --(superclass)--> A

instead of:

obj --(class)--> A

A hidden class can be produced after you hijacked the self with #eigenclass .

Now, in Ruby, Class is an object. This also means that #eigenclass should show the the hidden eigenclass of A too (where A's sigleton methods are kept).

A --(eigenclass)--> # --(superclass)--> #

Now the reason why it shows # instead of A is because Ruby organizes the classes, superclasses and eigenclasses in a very beautiful pattern. This can be shown with example instead of quoting it in confusing words:

A.superclass #=> Object   
A.eigenclass #=> #<Class: A>   
A.eigenclass.superclass #=> #<Class: Object> => Eigenclass of Object   
A.eigenclass.superclass == Object.eigenclass #=> true   

The superclass of an eigenclass of a class is the eigenclass of the superclass of the original class .

Now, coming to your case: Class.new.eigenclass.superclass , this is self-explanatory now. Class.new corresponds to a new anonymous class, say B , and you are effectively calling eigenclass.superclass on it. Since the superclass of B is Object, the superclass of eigenclass of B is the eigenclass of superclass of B .

Tried my best to explain with examples. Please feel free to clarify it further in comments below; will update the answer accordingly. Complementary(from Pragmatic MR): .

In the figure shown above, D inherits from C . So D.eigenclass.superclass is the eigneclass of (superclass of D)[which is C]. Now C's superclass is Object.. and so is the same logic.

Regards

Answer 2

From that blogpost, you can construct a similar diagram:

                        +------------------+               +-------------------+
                        |      Object      |- eigenclass ->| Object eigenclass |
                        +------------------+               +-------------------+
                                 ^                                   ^             
                                 | superclass             superclass |                                                     
                        +------------------+               +-------------------+
                        |        A         |- eigenclass ->|    A eigenclass   |
                        +------------------+               +-------------------+
                                 ^
                                 | superclass
+-------+               +------------------+                                   
| A.new |- eigenclass ->| A.new.eigenclass |                                   
+-------+               +------------------+    

Trying to find the superclass of the eigenclass of an instance of A shows that it points to the A class.

A.new.eigenclass.superclass      # => A                               

Class.new returns an instance of a Class object, ie a new class. It is a class, just like the A class.

Class.new.class # => Class
A.class         # => Class

A's superclass and Class.new's superclass are both implicitly Object .

Class.new.superclass # => Object
A.superclass         # => Object

Because A's superclass is Object , A's eigenclass's superclass is Object's eigenclass.

Object.eigenclass                            # => #<Class:Object>
A.eigenclass.superclass                      # => #<Class:Object>
A.eigenclass.superclass == Object.eigenclass # => true

Similarly, finding the superclass of the eigenclass of Class.new yields Object's eigenclass

Class.new.eigenclass.superclass              # => #<Class:Object>

The difference between Class.new and A.new is that Class.new is itself a class and so can construct new objects, while A.new cannot.

Class.new.new # => #<#<Class:0x007f86b50d8f70>:0x007f86b50d8f20>
A.new.new     # => NoMethodError: undefined method `new' for #<A:0x007f86b50cbf50>

Answer 3

A class's eigenclass has a whole shadow hierarchy of eigenclasses for the class's ancestors that all go between the eigenclass and Class. This is because classes are expected to inherit their ancestors' class methods. For example, if you did def Numeric.kind_of_number?() true end , you would expect Fixnum.kind_of_number? to be true. So you need to have Numeric's eigenclass as an ancestor of Fixnum's eigenclass.