如何在生锈中实现通用特征的特定类型？

Question

I initially assumed you could do this, because the documentation ( http://doc.rust-lang.org/rust.html#implementations ) suggests you can:

trait Bar<T> {
  fn ex(&self) -> T;
}

struct Foo {
  y:f64
}

impl Bar<int> for Foo {
  fn ex(&self) -> int {
    return self.y.floor() as int;
  }
}

impl Bar<uint> for Foo {
  fn ex(&self) -> uint {
    if (self.y < 0.0) {
      return 0u;
    }
    return self.y.floor() as uint;
  }
}

...but that doesn't seem to work. I get errors like:

error: multiple applicable methods in scope
error: expected Bar<uint>, but found Bar<int> (expected uint but found int)
error: expected Bar<int>, but found Bar<uint> (expected int but found uint)

So I figured perhaps Foo has to be generic for this to work, so each specific Foo has it's own Bar implementation on it:

trait Bar<T> {
  fn ex(&self) -> T;
}

struct Foo<T> {
  y:f64
}

impl<T> Foo<T> {
  fn new<U>(value:f64) -> Foo<U> {
    return Foo { y: value } as Foo<U>;
  }
}

impl Bar<int> for Foo<int> {
  fn ex(&self) -> int {
    return self.y.floor() as int;
  }
}

impl Bar<uint> for Foo<uint> {
  fn ex(&self) -> uint {
    if (self.y < 0.0) {
      return 0u;
    }
    return self.y.floor() as uint;
  }
}

fn main() {
  let z = Foo::new::<int>(100.5);
  let q = Foo::new::<uint>(101.5);
  let i:int = z.ex();
  let j:uint = q.ex();
}

...but my constructor seems to not work:

x.rs:11:12: 11:38 error: non-scalar cast: `Foo<<generic #1>>` as `Foo<U>`
x.rs:11     return Foo { y: value } as Foo<U>;
                   ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
error: aborting due to previous error

Edit: I also tried:

impl<T> Foo<T> {
  fn new<U>(value:f64) -> Foo<U> {
    let rtn:Foo<U> = Foo { y: value };
    return rtn;
  }
}

Which solve the casting error, but results in:

x.rs:32:11: 32:26 error: cannot determine a type for this expression: unconstrained type
x.rs:32   let z = Foo::new::<int>(100.5);
                  ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

O_o I have no idea what that means.

How do you do this?

Answer 1

The impl Bar<int> for Foo and impl Bar<uint> for Foo is an error because, at the moment, only one impl is allowed per trait, type pair (ignoring parameters on the trait). I went into more detail in this answer , including a work around using a secondary trait that avoids having to make Foo generic (which is probably not what you want).

trait BarForFoo {
    fn do_ex(foo: &Foo) -> Self;
}
impl BarForFoo for int {
    fn do_ex(foo: &Foo) -> int {
        foo.y.floor() as int
    }
}    
impl BarForFoo for uint {
    fn do_ex(foo: &Foo) -> uint {
        foo.y.max(0.0).floor() as uint
    }
}

impl<T: BarForFoo> Bar<T> for Foo {
    fn ex(&self) -> T { BarForFoo::do_ex(self) }
}

---

The second error is because you have two type parameters T and U "in scope" for the new function, but are only specifying one ( U ). The T needs to be specified by writing Foo::<int>::... , however I don't think this is what you want, instead, you should be using the T generic in the new function:

impl<T> Foo<T> {
    fn new(value: f64) -> Foo<T> { ... }
}

As background, the compiler needs to know the concrete type of T because the implementation of new could change:

impl<T> Foo<T> {
  fn new<U>(value:f64) -> Foo<U> {
    Foo { y: value + std::mem::size_of::<T>() as f64 }
  }
}

and then Foo::<()>::new::<int>(0.0) would give y == 0.0 , but Foo::<u64>::new::<int>(0.0) would give y == 8.0 .