如何为 Linux 部署 Qt 应用程序

Question

I followed all the steps successfully as mention in the Qt documentation:

• Qt for Linux/X11 - Building from Source
• Qt for Linux/X11 - Deployment

But I still couldn't make static Qt application, the executable generated by the above documented steps still needs Qt shared objects on other system.

Any ideas?

Answer 1

You need to deploy the application, for this purpose I use the utility cqtdeployer

This utility itself collects all the necessary dependencies of your application and you do not have to spend your time on it, or you can automate this process.

You can install from github releases (Windows)

or

from snapstore (Linux)

sudo snap install cqtdeployer

You can use as follows:

• Windows:

%cqtdeployer% -bin myApp -qmake path/to/Qt/5.x.x/build/bin/qmake.exe -qmlDir path/to/my/qml/files/dir

• Linux:

cqtdeployer -bin myApp -qmake path/to/Qt/5.x.x/build/bin/qmake -qmlDir path/to/my/qml/files/dir

• path/to/Qt/5.xx/build/bin/qmake - This is the way qmake is used to build your program.

• path/to/my/qml/files/dir - this is the path directly to your qml file (which you wrote)

And Run application with sh script (Linux) or exe (Windows)

If you'll use the version from snap then make sure that you have all the permissions.

If you need use windows version just install application from installer

Updated

If you want create a simple installer for you application just add qif option for command of cqtdeployer. Example :

cqtdeployer -bin myApp -qmake path/to/Qt/5.x.x/build/bin/qmake -qmlDir path/to/my/qml/files/dir qif

Details on all the intricacies of cqtdeployer can be found on the official wiki project.

Answer 2

The best way to deploy your application is not necessarily to statically link it for the following reasons:

• LGPL licencing means that your application must now be made public and may not sold (I think) - ie since its statically linked and the qt libs are within your executable your executable is now part of the open source.
• Its a massive pain in the arse... I have gone around this loop and know the pain well.

Installing qt-everywhere is also not so great, I just don't see how you can garantee that the libraries will be the same version as the ones that your program needs.

So what I started to do was create my own script to deploy qt for me. The basic "jist" of this is that you use ldd to find out which qt libraries you need and copy them into a sub folder ( ./lib ) within the same folder as your executable to make an install bundle.

Note: on Windows there is a deployqt application which does somthing similar (can't remember exactly what it is called).

Below I have copied a version of my deploy script. Note that it is quite old now, but I don't see why it should not work (its not written particularly well), but if not it will give you a start place. Also look out for the plugin's. In this script I have added code to copy the audio plugin since I was using that. If you are using other plugins then you will need to copy those (they are usually in sub dir's of the qt libs like .../audio)... I had a todo to try to figure out what plugins are needed from the .pro file but I never got around to that (I would have to pass in the .pro file to this script as well)...

To run, just run this script and pass in the directory that your executable lives in.

#!/bin/bash

# Rememeber start dir
START_DIR=$PWD

# Determine which dir to deploy in and cd to that dir
if [ -d "$1" ]; then
   DEPLOY_DIR=$1
else
   DEPLOY_DIR=$PWD
fi
echo "Deploy dir: $DEPLOY_DIR"
cd $DEPLOY_DIR

# Run ldd on all files in the directory and create a list of required qt libs
flag=false
for entry in `ldd $DEPLOY_DIR/* | grep -i qt`; do
   if $flag; then
      # Only add to the array if it is not already in it
      if ! [[ $libsArray =~ $entry ]]; then
         echo "adding $entry"
         libsArray="$libsArray $entry"
      fi
      flag=false
   fi

   # If we see a "=>" then the next line will be a library
   if [ $entry == "=>" ]; then
      flag=true
   fi
done
echo 
echo

# Create the required folder structure. Note here we are need the qt audio plugin so we are going to manually copy that as well.
mkdir -p lib
mkdir -p lib/audio
# Now copy these files to the deploy directory
for entry in $libsArray; do
   echo "cp -v -f $entry $DEPLOY_DIR/lib"
   cp -v -f $entry $DEPLOY_DIR/lib
done

# Now get the audio lib - this is a plugin that we are using so we need these libs as well.
# Add other plugins here as well.
# TODO: maybe we can read this in from the *.pro file.
cp -v -f `qmake -query QT_INSTALL_BINS`/../plugins/audio/* $DEPLOY_DIR/lib/audio

# Go back to start dir
cd $START_DIR

Once you have all the files you need you should be able to copy the whole lot to another PC and run it. Note: you may have to set the export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=<path-to-libs> so that the libs can be found... or install the libs into somewhere like /usr/lib/your-appplication/ .

But installing libs is another question/subject!