Logistic回归statsmodels的概率预测置信区间

Question

I'm trying to recreate a plot from An Introduction to Statistical Learning and I'm having trouble figuring out how to calculate the confidence interval for a probability prediction. Specifically, I'm trying to recreate the right-hand panel of this figure ( figure 7.1 ) which is predicting the probability that wage>250 based on a degree 4 polynomial of age with associated 95% confidence intervals. The wage data is here if anyone cares.

I can predict and plot the predicted probabilities fine with the following code

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import statsmodels.api as sm
from sklearn.preprocessing import PolynomialFeatures

wage = pd.read_csv('../../data/Wage.csv', index_col=0)
wage['wage250'] = 0
wage.loc[wage['wage'] > 250, 'wage250'] = 1

poly = Polynomialfeatures(degree=4)
age = poly.fit_transform(wage['age'].values.reshape(-1, 1))

logit = sm.Logit(wage['wage250'], age).fit()

age_range_poly = poly.fit_transform(np.arange(18, 81).reshape(-1, 1))

y_proba = logit.predict(age_range_poly)

plt.plot(age_range_poly[:, 1], y_proba)

But I'm at a loss as to how the confidence intervals of the predicted probabilities are calculated. I have thought about bootstrapping the data many times to get the distribution of probabilities for each age but I know there is an easier way which is just beyond my grasp.

I have the estimated coefficient covariance matrix and the standard errors associated with each estimated coefficient. How would I go about calculating the confidence intervals as shown in the right-hand panel of the figure above given this information?

Thanks!

Answer 1

You can use delta method to find approximate variance for predicted probability. Namely,

var(proba) = np.dot(np.dot(gradient.T, cov), gradient)

where gradient is the vector of derivatives of predicted probability by model coefficients, and cov is the covariance matrix of coefficients.

Delta method is proven to work asymptotically for all maximum likelihood estimates. However, if you have a small training sample, asymptotic methods may not work well, and you should consider bootstrapping.

Here is a toy example of applying delta method to logistic regression:

import numpy as np
import statsmodels.api as sm
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# generate data
np.random.seed(1)
x = np.arange(100)
y = (x * 0.5 + np.random.normal(size=100,scale=10)>30)
# estimate the model
X = sm.add_constant(x)
model = sm.Logit(y, X).fit()
proba = model.predict(X) # predicted probability

# estimate confidence interval for predicted probabilities
cov = model.cov_params()
gradient = (proba * (1 - proba) * X.T).T # matrix of gradients for each observation
std_errors = np.array([np.sqrt(np.dot(np.dot(g, cov), g)) for g in gradient])
c = 1.96 # multiplier for confidence interval
upper = np.maximum(0, np.minimum(1, proba + std_errors * c))
lower = np.maximum(0, np.minimum(1, proba - std_errors * c))

plt.plot(x, proba)
plt.plot(x, lower, color='g')
plt.plot(x, upper, color='g')
plt.show()

It draws the following nice picture:

For your example the code would be

proba = logit.predict(age_range_poly)
cov = logit.cov_params()
gradient = (proba * (1 - proba) * age_range_poly.T).T 
std_errors = np.array([np.sqrt(np.dot(np.dot(g, cov), g)) for g in gradient])
c = 1.96 
upper = np.maximum(0, np.minimum(1, proba + std_errors * c))
lower = np.maximum(0, np.minimum(1, proba - std_errors * c))

plt.plot(age_range_poly[:, 1], proba)
plt.plot(age_range_poly[:, 1], lower, color='g')
plt.plot(age_range_poly[:, 1], upper, color='g')
plt.show()

and it would give the following picture

Looks pretty much like a boa-constrictor with an elephant inside.

You could compare it with the bootstrap estimates:

preds = []
for i in range(1000):
    boot_idx = np.random.choice(len(age), replace=True, size=len(age))
    model = sm.Logit(wage['wage250'].iloc[boot_idx], age[boot_idx]).fit(disp=0)
    preds.append(model.predict(age_range_poly))
p = np.array(preds)
plt.plot(age_range_poly[:, 1], np.percentile(p, 97.5, axis=0))
plt.plot(age_range_poly[:, 1], np.percentile(p, 2.5, axis=0))
plt.show()

Results of delta method and bootstrap look pretty much the same.

Authors of the book, however, go the third way. They use the fact that

proba = np.exp(np.dot(x, params)) / (1 + np.exp(np.dot(x, params)))

and calculate confidence interval for the linear part, and then transform with the logit function

xb = np.dot(age_range_poly, logit.params)
std_errors = np.array([np.sqrt(np.dot(np.dot(g, cov), g)) for g in age_range_poly])
upper_xb = xb + c * std_errors
lower_xb = xb - c * std_errors
upper = np.exp(upper_xb) / (1 + np.exp(upper_xb))
lower = np.exp(lower_xb) / (1 + np.exp(lower_xb))
plt.plot(age_range_poly[:, 1], upper)
plt.plot(age_range_poly[:, 1], lower)
plt.show()

So they get the diverging interval:

These methods produce so different results because they assume different things (predicted probability and log-odds) being distributed normally. Namely, delta method assumes predicted probabilites are normal, and in the book, log-odds are normal. In fact, none of them are normal in finite samples, but they all converge to in infinite samples, but their variances converge to zero at the same time. Maximum likelihood estimates are insensitive to reparametrization, but their estimated distribution is, and that's the problem.

Answer 2

Here is an instructive and efficient method to calculate the standard errors ('se') of the fit ('mean_se') and single observations ('obs_se') on top of a statsmodels Logit().fit() object ('fit'), identical to the method in the book ISLR and the last method from the answer by David Dale:

fit_mean = fit.model.exog.dot(fit.params)
fit_mean_se = ((fit.model.exog*fit.model.exog.dot(fit.cov_params())).sum(axis=1))**0.5
fit_obs_se = ( ((fit.model.endog-fit_mean).std(ddof=fit.params.shape[0]))**2 + \
                fit_mean_se**2 )**0.5

A figure similar to the one in the book ISLR

The shaded regions represent the 95% confidence intervals for the fit and single observations.

Ideas for improvement are most welcome.