在单独的CPU中运行不同的Python函数

Question

Using multiprocessing.pool I can split an input list for a single function to be processed in parallel along multiple CPUs. Like this:

from multiprocessing import Pool

def f(x):
    return x*x

if __name__ == '__main__':
    pool = Pool(processes=4)
    results = pool.map(f, range(100))
    pool.close()
    pool.join()    

However, this does not allow to run different functions on different processors. If I want to do something like this, in parallel / simultaneously:

foo1(args1) --> Processor1
foo2(args2) --> Processor2

How can this be done?

Edit: After Darkonaut remarks, I do not care about specifically assigning foo1 to Processor number 1. It can be any processor as chosen by the OS. I am just interested in running independent functions in different/ parallel Processes. So rather:

foo1(args1) --> process1
foo2(args2) --> process2

Answer 1

I usually find it easiest to use the concurrent.futures module for concurrency. You can achieve the same with multiprocessing , but concurrent.futures has (IMO) a much nicer interface.

Your example would then be:

from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutor


def foo1(x):
    return x * x


def foo2(x):
    return x * x * x


if __name__ == '__main__':
    with ProcessPoolExecutor(2) as executor:
        # these return immediately and are executed in parallel, on separate processes
        future_1 = executor.submit(foo1, 1)
        future_2 = executor.submit(foo2, 2)
    # get results / re-raise exceptions that were thrown in workers
    result_1 = future_1.result()  # contains foo1(1)
    result_2 = future_2.result()  # contains foo2(2)

If you have many inputs, it is better to use executor.map with the chunksize argument instead:

from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutor


def foo1(x):
    return x * x


def foo2(x):
    return x * x * x


if __name__ == '__main__':
    with ProcessPoolExecutor(4) as executor:
        # these return immediately and are executed in parallel, on separate processes
        future_1 = executor.map(foo1, range(10000), chunksize=100)
        future_2 = executor.map(foo2, range(10000), chunksize=100)
    # executor.map returns an iterator which we have to consume to get the results
    result_1 = list(future_1)  # contains [foo1(x) for x in range(10000)]
    result_2 = list(future_2)  # contains [foo2(x) for x in range(10000)]

Note that the optimal values for chunksize , the number of processes, and whether process-based concurrency actually leads to increased performance depends on many factors:

• The runtime of foo1 / foo2 . If they are extremely cheap (as in this example), the communication overhead between processes might dominate the total runtime.

• Spawning a process takes time, so the code inside with ProcessPoolExecutor needs to run long enough for this to amortize.

• The actual number of physical processors in the machine you are running on.

• Whether your application is IO bound or compute bound.

• Whether the functions you use in foo are already parallelized (such as some np.linalg solvers, or scikit-learn estimators).